Influenza Ppt Powerpoint Presentation slides Medical Slideshow Update on Influenza, Avian Influenza, and Pandemic Influenza

Influenza

Send This

Download

Comment

Favourite

more

Post To:

Facebook

Twitter

Digg

Delicious

more share options

There is no comments now for this Slide.

Post a comment

Name:

Email:

Comments:

	Enter the letters on the left into the box below:
Subscribe to follow-up comments

Notes

Show Notes

Slide 1 :

Influenza: Preparing to Prevent a Pandemic Disaster Alan M. Ducatman, MD, MSc Professor and Chair, Department of Community Medicine West Virginia University School of Medicine

Slide 2 :

Annual Toll of Influenza

Slide 3 :

Pandemic Influenza

Slide 4 :

The Three Types of Influenza

Slide 5 :

Shifting Nature of Influenza Antigenic drift – small, ceaseless changes in the genetic structure. New strains continually replace old strains. Antigenic shift – major change, usually occurs when species hosting virus trade viral genes. Novel strain appears without natural immunity in host population.

Slide 6 :

Pandemic Threshold Source: Centers for Disease Control, http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/fluactivity.htm

Slide 7 :

Slide 8 :

Slide 9 :

Recent Virus Hitchhikers (Zoonoses) HIV Hantavirus Monkeypox Several viral hemorrhagic fevers Avian influenza West Nile Nonviral Variant CJD (“mad cow”)

Slide 10 :

Environmental Health and Infectious Disease The toll can be substantial. HIV is estimated to have caused 20 million deaths, so far. There is very little international investment in wild (or even domestic) animal pathogen surveillance.

Slide 11 :

Slide 12 :

H5N1 Timeline From WHO website http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/Timeline_28_10a.pdf

Slide 13 :

Avian Influenza in Asia (22 August, 2005)

Slide 14 :

Why H5N1? It is endemic, now found in domestic fowl, pigs, and even tigers. There is no way to eradicate it. Porcine hosts can replicate both avian and human influenza viruses. It is inevitable that recombination will occur, and human-human transmission capability may increase. World poultry population has grown tenfold since the last (1968) pandemic (750,000 deaths), from 1.3 billion birds to 13 billion birds.

Slide 15 :

Reengineered Virulence: 1918 vs. Modern (Texas) Strains Viral particle release in human lung cell culture: 50 times Viral particle replication in mouse lung tissue at 4 days: 39,000 Mortality in mice: all vs. none

Slide 16 :

1918 Hemagglutinin Causes Severe Lung Damage M88 M88/Hsp Kobasa et al. Nature 2004;431:703

Slide 17 :

H5N1 Toll Fall 2005: > 100 reported infections, > 60 deaths, millions of birds culled. Vietnam has culled millions of chickens, accounting for 0.5% of its GNP. In addition, the virus is gaining the ability to infect its natural host, waterfowl.

Slide 18 :

Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1) since 26 December 2003 to 10 October 2005

Slide 19 :

Species Surveillance In the US, poultry surveillance is in place (“required” reporting by farmers). In addition, ornithologists, veterinarians, park rangers, and amateur bird watchers have been recruited to trap sentinel bird species, test, and release, or else test hunted game birds. Estimated investment: $10 million/yr.

Slide 20 :

Overcoming Barriers: Surveillance for Avian Influenza (H5N1) Countries affected may be reluctant to share specimens. This limits ability to track mutations. The PCR tests may be out of date, providing false negative results. The ability to find the virus and track genetic changes is essential to vaccine preparation.

Slide 21 :

Barriers to Surveillance Inadequate human surveillance Grossly inadequate domestic and wild animal surveillance Political barriers to cooperation Lack of reimbursement for economic losses

Slide 22 :

Barriers to Surveillance Overcoming anarchy in animal and human surveillance Lab restrictions Data management Communication restrictions Distribution and cost of validated diagnostic tests

Slide 23 :

Human View of Path of Spread Wild Fowl Domestic Birds Domestic Livestock Humans

Slide 24 :

Mode of Spread Birds shed virus for about 10 days. Initial transmission mode is bird feces, feathers, tissue, or saliva to humans (oral). Virus is hardy in cool weather, so surface contact may intervene. The fear is direct human-to-human droplet transmission.

Slide 25 :

Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1) since 26 December 2003 to 10 October 2005

Slide 26 :

Transmission Intensified surveillance in Vietnam by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing of patient contacts suggests the evidence of mild cases and clusters. The concern is that the Vietnamese H5N1 is adapting to residence in human hosts.

Slide 27 :

Incubation Period Probably 2 to 5 days, possibly as long as 8 days Reports of 17 days suggest intermediate hosts

Slide 28 :

Most Common Symptoms and Findings in H5N1 Patients Fever > 38° C Cough Dyspnea Pulmonary infiltrates (can progress to ARDS)

Slide 29 :

Detection Diagnostic yields of different approaches to detection are problematic. Viral RNA can be detected in throat swabs; sensitivity and specificity are both lower than desired.

Slide 30 :

Household Contact Treatment Frequent handwashing N95 masks/eye protection (feasible?) Monitor temperature twice daily for 7 days Quarantine Public health concept of “ring treatment”

Slide 31 :

Quarantine In the US, community-level quarantine experience essentially ended in . . . . 1954.

Slide 32 :

Quarantine Compliance Issues Contact tracing is not a HIPAA problem. Enforcement measures are unprecedented in US living memory; education is essential to public and professional enforcement. Those ordered into quarantine will have concerns about vacation, sick leave, and wages (as will employers). No funds or laws address this issue for nonmilitary personnel. Differential health services and policies may have border effects (traffic flow, preferential seeking of or fleeing from services).

Slide 33 :

Quarantine Needs Public health access to airline and other passenger lists Quarantine infrastructure Support for contact tracing Speedy appeals process Legal authority to immunize or treat prophylactically

Slide 34 :

Health Care Facility Precautions Patient precautions: standard, contact, droplet, airborne Protective equipment: N95 mask, cuffed gowns, face shields or goggles, gloves Room: negative pressure. Alternative 1: Isolation with door closed Alternative 2: Multibed wards one meter apart with physical barriers. Minimize: visitors attending personnel

Slide 35 :

Local Resources and Public Health Reality Check: most Vietnamese hospitals do not have designated isolation wards.

Slide 36 :

Health Care Worker Surveillance Record temperature twice daily Prophylaxis Normal Abnormal Symptoms Remove from workplace Evaluate for influenza Treatment

Slide 37 :

More Reality: Surge Capacity in a Just-in-Time Economy Source: Osterholm MT. Preparing for the next epidemic. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1839-42.

Slide 38 :

Travelers’ Precautions Immunization > 2 weeks before travel Avoid chickens, ducks, geese, wild birds, open markets, fecally contaminated surfaces Wash hands frequently Consult health care provider for fever or symptoms Avoid raw eggs, mayonnaise, hollandaise sauce, and ice cream in endemic areas

Slide 39 :

Influenza: An International Problem Up to 20% of the world’s population may become ill. Our point of reference for pandemic flu may be something that comes from elsewhere and affects us. For Asian nations such as China, pandemic flu is a threat to civil order as well as health. Vaccination capability is much lower in the countries likely to be most affected.

Slide 40 :

What Predicts Community Cohesiveness vs. Divisiveness? Infrastructure in place Opinion leaders Communications without politics Policy makers accustomed to public health input

Slide 41 :

Influenza: The International Response There are important differences in national capabilities to prevent, detect, and respond to an influenza pandemic. Geographic differences in production of host species, including mixing domestic and wild species proximity to populations measures to protect workers Virologic, serologic, clinical, and public health capabilities vary greatly.

Slide 42 :

Influenza and the Global Economy An influenza pandemic will cause national leaders to suppress foreign travel and trade. Vastly disruptive, this action is unlikely to achieve the goal. Domestic economic investment in many nations will be directed toward surge capacity and possibly national defense against civil unrest. Unequal distribution of inadequate health care resources, including immunizations, will create tensions within and across borders. What about state lines?

Slide 43 :

Threats to Health Consequences of infection Uncoordinated efforts of individuals to avoid infection

Slide 44 :

Local Economies and Public Health In Vietnam, large commercial poultry farms cull infected birds successfully. But local households with small flocks have no resources and only negative incentives for participating. Poultry vaccination may address the problem, but it is so far mandated only for flocks of > 200 birds. A number of European countries have banned the outdoor penning of poultry.

Slide 45 :

Antiviral Treatment Chinese farmers have been using Amantadine (the least expensive antiviral agent) to treat chicken flocks and prevent the spread of H9 viruses. H5N1 strain of avian influenza has been resistant to Amantadine since 2003. More expensive antivirals such as Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) may still work.

Slide 46 :

Tamiflu Tamiflu is an neuraminidase inhibitor that can be taken as a pill or dissolved powder. The inhibitor diminishes release of virus from infected cells if taken within 48 hours of infection. Cost per treatment: $10 (less for stockpile) Availability % population: Britain, 25%; Canada, 5%; US, 1% As with immunization, health care workers will be treated first.

Slide 47 :

Can Statins and Pneumovac Fill the Tamiflu Shortage Gap? In previous influenza epidemics from 1996-2003, statin users experienced 26% less incidence of pneumonia. Pneumovac (pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine) may also help. Cabbage and untested hypotheses.

Slide 48 :

Long-Term Planning NIH is developing three attenuated vaccines for each of the known avian flu subtypes. In theory, this will allow speedy scale-up of vaccine production in the event of a pandemic. In addition, NIH researchers are looking for antigens that are conserved across several strains.

Slide 49 :

Vaccine Development The US president has made vaccine industry development and liability protection a cornerstone of his $1.7 billion program to safeguard America against pandemic influenza. Media accounts suggest cell-based vaccines will cut production time. They are more likely to increase production quality (surge capacity).

Slide 50 :

Scrambling for An Egg Alternative Source: Centers for Disease Control, http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/focuson/flu/research/prevention/hillegas_egg.htm

Slide 51 :

General Conditions for Vaccine Success Immunogenic (achieved!) Effective against rapidly mutating pandemic strain Produced in sufficient quantities Administered at sufficient dose Administered in time to achieve protection in population at risk

Slide 52 :

Immunization Quantities In a typical year, hundreds of millions of flu vaccine doses are available. In an epidemic, billions of doses are needed. Bridging this gap requires planning and investment.

Slide 53 :

Immunization and Adjuvant Immunizations work better (and require much less material) if “boosted” with adjuvant, a chemical additive that stimulates the immune system. This is hopeful news, but it requires more complex clinical trials which include adjuvant.

Slide 54 :

Bird Immunization

Slide 55 :

US Leadership in a Pandemic In an influenza pandemic, leadership would be split between the Department of Homeland Security and DHHS. Immediate declarations: preparedness plan implementation travel and trade Problems: internal migrations (much worse in other countries) workforce multiple moves

Slide 56 :

Pandemics and US Public Health Ethics The realization of autonomy is a strong health trend, nurtured even during the AIDS epidemic. The role of informed consent is central to autonomy. The absence of a public health view that accounts for rapidly spreading infection has been noted by international observers.

Slide 57 :

Clinician’s Uneasy Role in Public Health Emergencies Normal Conditions: The clinician is accustomed to acting as a patient advocate, for reasonable, requested interventions. Emergency Conditions: The clinician must refuse “reasonable but not recommended” requests for scarce resources. The clinician may report families or populations for quarantine, and patients may object to intrusions initiated by their doctors.

Slide 58 :

Can a Pandemic Be Contained? Will it occur this year, or in 5 years? The “basic reproductive number” (Ro) is crucial. If Ro is < 2, public health models (isolation, immunization, and early antibiotics) have more chance to minimize spread. Tamiflu resistance (already found in a Vietnamese patient) would further compromise ability to contain spread.

Slide 59 :

Is Pandemic Flu “Containable”? In a preimmunized population, rapid recognition, followed by isolation, combined with “social distance” strategies (reducing places for masses of people to meet), and augmented by wide-scale antiviral treatment and prophylaxis (i.e., treat the 20,000 people nearest the outbreak), can be modeled to contain a local outbreak.

Slide 60 :

Slide 61 :

Education: Thai Children at Risk for H5N1 Infection * Before and after a public education campaign Olsen et al. EID 2005;11:

Slide 62 :

Police Powers in Epidemics and Emergencies Who can quarantine or isolate? (Laws usually say “quarantine.”) State health officer County board of health, usually acting through health officer Any detention is “least restrictive means necessary”

Slide 63 :

Police Powers in Epidemics and Emergencies Who can declare a public health emergency? Governor (Federal authorities can preempt)

Slide 64 :

Legal Control of Zoonoses Authority is shared through a welter of regulations by: CDC: public health, inspection, detention Customs/Border: inspection, seizure, destruction Plant protection: formerly part of USDA DOT: approval to transport Fish and Wildlife: reporting, licensing, destruction FDA: similar to CDC USDA: farm issues

Slide 65 :

Legal Control of Zoonoses WV specifically regulates rabies Very little clarity about exotics

Slide 66 :

Good News . . . And Bad For avian flu, its inability to make much headway in the human population (so far) may mean that it cannot do so. If not, some pandemic is still predictable. Average time between 20th-century pandemics: 30 years. Last pandemic: 1968.

Slide 67 :

Rank Order of Treatment Priorities in a Shortage Treat patients hospitalized with flu Treat health care (direct patient contact) and EMS Treat pandemic health, public safety, “key” government Treat other high-risk patients Nontreatment group: Post-exposure prophylaxis Treat outpatients

Slide 68 :

Pandemic Priority Groups for Vaccination and Antivirals: Priority Group 1 – Critical Response and Most Vulnerable Source: National Vaccine Advisory Committee, July 19, 2005

Slide 69 :

Pandemic Priority Groups for Vaccination and Antivirals: Other Priority Groups: 2-4 Source: National Vaccine Advisory Committee, July 19, 2005

Slide 70 :

Reasons for Optimism No H5 subtype has ever caused a pandemic (the 1918 avian source was an H1N1 virus) The current H5N1 virus has been circulating for 8 years, without reassorting for efficient human-human transmission.

Slide 71 :

Munch’s “Self-Portrait after the Spanish Influenza”

Slide 72 :

Please copy this url into a web browser to complete the survey and fill out a form for your continuing education credit. http://tinyurl.com/827qa thanks

Embed Code:

Understanding Diabetes PPT

Overweight and Obesity

Male reproductive system

Mental and Emotional Health

Early Stages of Child Development

Best ways to Quit Smoking

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Stages of Pregnancy Trimester

More Info :

Views : 755 Favourites : 0
Desc : Allergy and influenza are related. Communicable disease and spread very fast with coming in contact more Allergy and influenza are related. Communicable disease and spread very fast with coming in contact with the infected person,. H5N1 , H1N1 are some types of deadly flu. It gives a threat of becoming epidemic. presentation which provides symptoms, causes, solution and precautions to influenza.- Slides less