Testicular cancer

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Notes

Show Notes

Slide 1 :

Testicular cancer

Slide 2 :

Overview Testicular cancer is cancer that starts in the testicles, the male reproductive glands located in the scrotum.

Slide 3 :

Causes *Abnormal testicle development *History of testicular cancer *History of undescended testicle(s) *Klinefelter syndrome and Embryonal carcinoma *Choriocarcinoma (rare) *Teratoma and Yolk sac tumor The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown. There is no link between vasectomy and testicular cancer. Factors that may increase a man's risk for testicular cancer include:

Slide 4 :

Symptoms *Discomfort or pain in the testicle, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum *Dull ache in the back or lower abdomen *Enlargement of a testicle or a change in the way it feels *Excess development of breast tissue (gynecomastia), however, this can occur normally in adolescent boys who do not have testicular cancer *Lump or swelling in either testicle

Slide 5 :

Tests & diagnosis *Abdominal and pelvic CT scan *Blood tests for tumor markers: alpha fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) *Chest x-ray*Ultrasound of the scrotum A physical examination typically reveals a firm lump (mass) in one of the testicles. When the health care provider holds a flashlight up to the scrotum, the light does not pass through the lump. Other tests include:

Slide 6 :

Treatment *Type of testicular tumor and *Stage I cancer has not spread beyond the testicle *Stage II cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen *Stage III cancer has spread beyond the lymph nodes (it could be as far as the liver, lungs, or brain) *Surgical treatment removes the testicle (orchiectomy) and nearby lymph nodes (lymphadenectomy). This is usually performed in the case of both seminoma and nonseminomas.

Slide 7 :

*Radiation therapy using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays may be used after surgery to prevent the tumor from returning. Radiation therapy is usually only used for treating seminomas. *Chemotherapy uses drugs such as cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide to kill cancer cells. This treatment has greatly improved survival for patients with both seminomas and nonseminomas. Treatment

Slide 8 :

Prognosis Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable and curable cancers.The survival rate for men with early-stage seminoma (the least aggressive type of testicular cancer) is greater than 95%. The disease-free survival rate for Stage II and III cancers is slightly lower, depending on the size of the tumor and when treatment is begun.

Slide 9 :

Complications *Abdomen*Lungs *Retroperitoneal area (the area near the kidneys) *Spine *Bleeding and infection after surgery *Infertility (if both testicles are removed)

Slide 10 :

When to contact a doctor Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of testicular cancer.

Slide 11 :

Prevention The U.S. Preventive Services Tast Force recommends against routine screening for testicular cancer because there is no known effective screening technique .A testicular self-examination (TSE) performed on a monthly basis, however, may help detect such cancer at an early stage, before it spreads. Finding it early is important to successful treatment and survival. Young men are sometimes taught how to perform self-exams shortly after puberty.

Slide 12 :

References Einhorn LH. Testicular cancer. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa : Saunders Elsevier. 2007: chap 210.National Cancer Institute. Testicular cancer treatment PDQ. Updated Jan. 15, 2009.Richie JP, Steele GS. Neoplasms of the testis. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa : Sauders Elsevier; 2007: chap 29.Screening for testicular cancer: update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2004. Accessed March 29, 2009.

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