Allergy (PPT) Powerpoint Presentation

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mrz2500    on Apr 21, 2012 Says :

I think that its good .but your ppt havent all issue. and There is alot of slide thats not good
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Slide 1 : Allergic Reactions & Anaphylaxis EMS Professions Temple College
Slide 2 : Incidence In USA - 400 to 800 deaths/year Parenterally administered penicillin accounts for 100 to 500 deaths per year Hymenoptera stings account for 40 to 100 deaths per year Risk factors: beta-blockers, adrenal insufficiency
Slide 3 : Causes of Deaths Laryngeal edema and acute bronchospasm with respiratory failure account for >70% Circulatory collapse accounts for 25% Other <5% - ?brain ?MI
Slide 4 : Allergic Reaction ? Physiologic response to antigens Oversensitive response = allergic Occurs after sensitization to antigen Antigen binds with Antibody Less severe result in inflammatory response Type I reaction involves antibodies attached to mast cells or basophils = most severe form
Slide 5 : Anaphylaxis Systemic reaction of multiple organ systems to antigen-induced IgE-mediated immunulogic mediator release in previously sensitized individual
Slide 6 : Allergic Reaction Antigen Induces antibody formation Examples Drugs (antibiotics) Foods (nuts, shellfish) Insect venoms Animal serum Incompatible blood types
Slide 7 : Anaphylaxis Antigens enter body by: Injection Ingestion Inhalation Absorption
Slide 8 : Anaphylaxis Pathophysiology Antigen enters body Antibodies produced Attach to surface of mast or basophil cells Mast cells become sensitized
Slide 9 : Anaphylaxis Pathophysiology Mast cells In all subcutaneous/submucosal tissues, Including conjunctiva, upper/lower respiratory tracts, and gut Basophils Circulate in blood
Slide 10 : Anaphylaxis Pathophysiology Antigen reenters body Attaches to antibodies on mast or basophil cells Mast cell degranulates, releases Histamine Leukotrienes Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF)
Slide 11 : Histamine Three histamine receptor types: H1 H2 H3
Slide 12 : Histamine Acts on H1 receptors to cause Smooth muscle contraction Increased vascular permeability Prostaglandin generation
Slide 13 : Histamine Acts on H2 receptors to cause Increased vascular permeability Gastric acid secretion Stimulation of suppressor lymphocytes Decreased PMN enzyme release Release of more histamine from mast cells and basophils
Slide 14 : Histamine Acts on H3 receptors to cause Inhibition of central, peripheral nervous system neurotransmitter release Inhibition of further histamine formation, release
Slide 15 : Vasodilation Decreased peripheral vascular resistance Hypotension Tachycardia Peripheral hypoperfusion
Slide 16 : Increased Capillary Permeability Tissue edema, urticaria (hives), itching Laryngeal edema Airway obstruction Respiratory distress Stridor Fluid leakage from vascular space Hypovolemic shock
Slide 17 : Urticaria
Slide 18 : Smooth Muscle Spasm Bronchospasm Respiratory distress “Tight Chest” Wheezing GI Tract Spasm Nausea, vomiting Cramping, diarrhea Bladder Spasm Urinary urgency Urinary incontinence
Slide 19 : Anaphylactic Reaction Leukotrienes Potent bronchoconstrictors, ? vascular permeability & possibly coronary vasoconstriction Slower onset than histamine Effects last longer than histamine
Slide 20 : Allergic Reactions Generally classified into 3 groups: Mild allergic reaction Moderate allergic reaction Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
Slide 21 : Mild Allergic Reaction Characteristics Urticaria (hives), itchy Erythema (redness) Rhinitis Conjunctivitis Mild bronchoconstriction Usually localized (look on abdomen, chest, back) No SOB or hypotension/hypoperfusion Often self-treated at home
Slide 22 : Moderate Allergic Reaction Characteristics Mild signs/symptoms with any of following: Dyspnea, possibly with wheezes Angioneurotic edema Systemic, not localized No hypotension/hypoperfusion
Slide 23 : Severe Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis) Characteristics Mild and/or moderate signs/symptoms plus Shock / hypoperfusion
Slide 24 : Clinical Manifestation Dependent on: Degree of hypersensitivity Quantity, route, rate of antigen exposure Pattern of mediator release Target organ sensitivity and responsiveness
Slide 25 : Clinical Manifestation Severity varies from mild to fatal Most reactions are respiratory, dermatologic Less severe early findings may progress to life-threatening over a short time Initial signs/symptoms do NOT necessarily correlate with severity, progression, duration of response Generally, quicker symptoms = more severe reactions
Slide 26 : Clinical Manifestation First manifestations involve skin Warmth and tingling of the face, mouth, upper chest, palms and/or soles, or site of exposure Erythema Pruritus is universal feature, erythema May be accompanied by generalized flushing, urticaria, nonpruritic angioedema
Slide 27 : Clinical Manifestation May progress to involvement of respiratory system cough chest tightness dyspnea wheezing throat tightness dysphagia hoarseness
Slide 28 : Clinical Manifestation Other Signs and Symptoms lightheadedness or syncope caused by hypotension or dysrhythmia nasal congestion and sneezing ocular itching and tearing cramping abdominal pain with nausea,vomiting, or diarrhea bowel or bladder incontinence decreased level of consciousness
Slide 29 : Clinical Manifestation Physical Exam findings may include urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension laryngeal stridor, hypersalivation, hoarseness, angioedema
Slide 30 : Insect Sting Hypersensitivity Hymenoptera - yellow jackets, honeybees, hornets, wasps, bumble bees 90%: Local hives, pruritus 10%: Massive local reaction, including swelling beyond two joints of extremity 1%: Systemic reaction 10%: have worse reaction on second sting 28%: have recurrent systemic reaction
Slide 31 : Management Treatment depends upon severity of reaction and signs/symptoms of its presentation
Slide 32 : Management Optimal management requires High index of suspicion (suspect, treat within minutes) Early diagnosis Pharmaceutical intervention Observation Disposition
Slide 33 : Patient Self-Management Benadryl 50 mg p.o. At any sign of anaphylaxis, self-administer subcutaneous epinephrine (Epi-Pen®, Ana-Kit®) If short of breath or wheezing, use aerosolized epinephrine (Primatene Mist, Medihaler-Epi)
Slide 34 : Mild Allergic Reaction Often self-treated at home Diphenhydramine 25 - 50mg PO or IM IV is acceptable but should include transport If stinger present, flick it away with credit card or fingernail May consider (if available and indicated): cimetidine or ranitidine prednisone inhaled beta-agonists
Slide 35 : Moderate Allergic Reaction High flow oxygen IV NS Titrated to systolic BP 90 mm Hg ECG monitor Beta agonists Nebulized albuterol, isoetharine, terbutaline SQ terbutaline or epinephrine 1:1000 or IV aminophylline if severe bronchoconstriction Diphenhydramine 25-50 mg IM or IV Methylprednisolone 125 mg IV Transport
Slide 36 : Anaphylaxis Airway and Breathing High concentration oxygen Ventilations, ETT, alternative airway prn Consider inhaled beta agonists Circulation Large bore IV NS X 2 Quickly titrate fluids to perfusion with bolus therapy ECG monitor Treat as pre-arrest patient
Slide 37 : Anaphylaxis Epinephrine 0.5 - 1.0 mg 1:10,000 IV prn Hypotension unresponsive to fluids and epinephrine ? consider dopamine ~10 mcg/kg/min Bronconstriction unresponsive to Epi ? consider aminophylline Diphenhydramine 50 mg IV Methylprednisolone 125 mg IV Consider MAST if unresponsive to fluids Rapid transport
Slide 38 : Disposition Regardless of response to therapy, all patients with systemic features must be observed for 6 to 8 hours
Slide 39 : Latex Allergies Due to a growing number of persons experiencing latex allergies, EMS providers should be prepared to treat patients with such allergies Have latex free equipment Use the patient’s latex free supplies
Slide 40 : Case Presentation #1 You are dispatched to an electronics manufacturing plant to see a 28-year-old woman. The woman believes she is having an allergic reaction. Security officers will meet you at the front gate and escort you to the patient. What specific information would you like at this point?
Slide 41 : Case Presentation #1 You find this patient in an office area sitting at her desk. From a distance, you notice she is awake and speaking clearly. She does not appear to have any breathing difficulty. She states she had just returned from lunch and began to feel hot and light headed. Her friend pointed out that the patient’s arms and neck are very red, and that her face appears “puffy”.
Slide 42 : Case Presentation #1 The patient states she is allergic to peanuts but has not eaten any. She went to a health food café where she had grilled chicken and steamed vegetables. She has no other past history and takes no medications. Her last allergic rx was similar to this. Vitals are: BP-116/70; Pulse-100; RR-20; Lung sounds-clear and equal. No difficulty swallowing, redness to her arms, chest, neck and face. Would you like to perform any other procedures/exams/testing or obtain other history before treating?
Slide 43 : Case Presentation #1 So, what is your complete treatment plan for this patient?
Slide 44 : Case Presentation #2 39 year-old male found at home in respiratory arrest with a bradycardic carotid pulse. His wife states he was helping a friend paint when he was apparently stung by a bee. He walked into the house, saying “I don’t feel good,” and collapsed.
Slide 45 : Case Presentation #2 PMH: depression, gastritis, seasonal allergies Medications: Ritalin, Zantac, Prozac, Claritin No known drug allergies No prior reactions to hymenoptera What therapies would you like to begin for this man?
Slide 46 : Case Presentation #2 You have done the following: intubated orotracheally administered intravenous epinephrine, 0.5 mg & diphenhydramine 50 mg started 2 large-bore IVs of NS and given 500 cc fluid At this point, the patient no longer has a pulse
Slide 47 : Case Presentation #2 You begin CPR and give the following: Dopamine drip at 10 mcg/kg/min Epinephrine, 1:10,000, 1 mg IV q 3-5 min You now note the following: ECG: Idioventricular rhythm Lung Sounds: difficult to hear Obvious facial edema Can you think of any ideas for further treatment?
Slide 48 : How to avoid future stings 1. Don’t “smell like a rose” - avoid scented soaps and fragrances 2. Wear garments that fit close to the body. Insects can become trapped in loose-fitting clothing and will sting defensively. 3. Wear shoes outdoors at all times, in addition to long pants and long-sleeved shirts.
Slide 49 : How to avoid future stings 4. Wear clothing in colors not attractive to bees: white, red, grey. Avoid floral designs and brown clothing, which may mimic the color of the bee’s natural predator, the brown bear. 5. Wasp or hornet nests or beehives near the home should be destroyed by a professional exterminator.
Slide 50 : How to avoid future stings 6. Stay away from insect feeding grounds: flower beds, fields of clover, garbage, orchards with ripe fruit. 7. Avoid outdoor picnics.

 


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