Assesment of Allergy

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Slide 1 : Assessment of Allergy Allergy testing Presented by Sylvie Daigle, RN, BSc
Slide 2 : Assessment of Allergy The term "Allergy" Allergic reaction Assessment of atopy Skin or immunological testing
Slide 3 : What is Allergy? Also known as Hypersensitivity Disease
Slide 4 : Definition The term allergy ( von Pirquet -1906), can be summarized as the acquired, specific, altered capacity to react. From Greek words: allos "change, altered" + ergon "reaction, reactivity". Acquired means prior adequate antigenic or allergenic exposure.
Slide 5 : Allergy has increased Incidence of allergy has doubled in the last 20-30 years, why? Less exposure to parasitic disease? Lower rate of breast-feeding ? Exposures to air pollution? Exposure to allergens in town vs in the country The "hygiene hypothesis"?
Slide 6 : Classification of allergic reaction by Gell & Coombs * Type I Anaphylaxis (IgE) Atopic diseases (immediate) Type II Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Type III Immune complex Farmer’s lung (IgG) Type IV Delayed allergy Skin reaction to tuberculin First published in 1968 : «Clinical aspects of immunology
Slide 7 :
Slide 8 : Assessment of Atopy Clinical ? essential for asthma management (in particular if pets at home, in relation to the pollen seasons, etc.) Epidemiologic studies Occupational investigation
Slide 9 : Type I Hypersensitivity Detection Skin Prick Testing, recommended to assess atopic status RAST (ELISA), serum specific antibodies Intradermal Skin Testing: more sensitive than prick testing but less specific, with risk of anaphylactic reaction; also, difficulty of interpretation (local trauma due to injection)
Slide 10 : Skin Prick Test Widespreaded in the 1970s after its modification by J. Pepys Advantages Mechanisms Technique Interpretation Factors affecting skin test
Slide 11 : Relevant allergens (ubiquitous, occupational) House dust mite Ragweed, tree pollen Pets Cockroaches Molds Occupational protein allergens
Slide 12 : Occupational protein allergens Many occupational agents cause asthma by sensitization mostly high-molecular-weight proteins some low-molecular-weight agents In the case of high-molecular-weight allergens , skin prick tests are the preferred diagnostic correlates of Ig-E sensitization
Slide 13 : Advantages Skin prick testing is cheap, rapid and accurate High degree of specificity Safe and painless Wide range of allergens Objective evidence of sensitization
Slide 14 : Technique and reaction Introduction of allergen extract into the dermis Ig-E-mediated response Allergen-induced wheal-and-flare reaction
Slide 15 : Technique Use the inner forearm Mark the area to be tested (2 cm apart) Place a drop of each allergen extract on each mark Prick the skin through the drop Use a new lancet/needle for each allergen Negative (saline solution) and positive control (histamine phosphate, 10 mg/ml) must be included: to exclude false positive reactions (dermographism) and false negative reactions (intake of antihistamines)
Slide 16 : Put drops of allergen Prick the skin through extracts on the skin the drop
Slide 17 : INTERPRETATION Read at their peak (15-20 minutes) Measure with a millimeter rule Largest + smallest of wheal and erythema 2 The wheal is principally used (diameter) What if the negative control is positive? What if the positive control is negative? The size of the wheal does not relate to the severity of symptoms
Slide 18 : Common errors in prick testing Tests too close together (< 2 cm) Induction of bleeding, leading possibly to false-positive results Insufficient penetration of skin by lancet leading to false-negative Spreading of allergen solutions during the tests.
Slide 19 : Causes of false-positive skin prick tests • Irritant reaction • Dermographism • Contamination of an allergen extract • Enhancement from a nearby strong reaction Causes of false-negative skin prick tests • Extract of diminished potency • Medications modulating allergic reaction • Diseases attenuating the skin response, e.g. eczema • Improper technique (no or weak puncture)
Slide 20 : Factors affecting skin test results Quality of the allergen extract (standardized) Area of the body, wrist least reactive Age, less reactive after 50 Circadian rhythms do not affect the skin reaction Drugs: short acting antihistamines inhibit the wheal-and-flare reaction for up to 24 h; long- acting antihistamines may affect reaction for up 4-5 days.
Slide 21 : CONCLUSIONS • When properly performed, skin tests represent one of the major tools for diagnosis of Ig-E-mediated diseases. • Assessment of the atopic status of subjects is often included in epidemiological studies of asthma and occupational asthma because atopy is a risk factor.
Slide 22 : Predictive value of specific skin reactivity for W-R symptoms W-R symptoms Skin Nasal Ocular Nasal and/or ocular Respiratory before 21 18 14 17 9 same time 22 17 16 19 4 PPV 28% 30% 21% 30% 9% Skin reactivity PPV of W-R RC symptoms for probable OA : 11.4% Natural history of sensitization, symptoms and diseases in apprentices exposed to laboratory animals D Gautrin, H Ghezzo, CInfante-Rivard, J-L Malo. Eur Respir J, 2001.
Slide 23 : references - Bernstein IL, Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL, Bernstein DI. Asthma in the Workplace. Francis & Taylor, 2006 - Middleton’s Allergy: Prinnciples and practice vol. 1,chap 38. - Pepys, J. Clinical allergy, 1973, pp 491-509. - Pepys, J. Atopy: a study in definition. Allergy 1994;49: 397-399 - Bernstein DI and al.Characterization of skin prick testing responses J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 49:498-507 Web sites of interest - www.asthma-workplace.com - www.asthme.csst.qc.ca/document/Info_Gen/AgenProf/ - www.remcomp.com/asmanet/asmapro/index.htm

 


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