Asthma in Children


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Slide 1 : Asthma in Children October 29, 2002 Swedish Family Medicine Jorge Garcia, MD
Slide 2 : Case 1: Naomi J.
Slide 3 : CASE 1 An 7-year old girl has just moved into town and presents to her doctor. She has history of wheezing and rhinitis and recurrent otitis media since infancy. Over the past 2 years her symptoms have worsened. She complains of coughing and SOB daily and claims to awaken at least once a week in the middle of the night by these symptoms.
Slide 4 : Her family history consists of maternal asthma, and atopy in both parents. Physical exam finds inflamed nose, mild wheezing, otherwise unremarkable. The patient's mother states that her daughter was previously prescribed an albuterol puffer to use prn, which her daughter uses daily and requires monthly refills. The child is able to remain active. In the past year she has had 4 courses of prednisone.
Slide 5 : According to the above information: How would you classify this patient's severity? Mild intermittent Mild persistent Moderate persistent Severe persistent
Slide 6 : Diagnosis of Asthma Severity Diagnosis Days w/Sx Nights w/Sx PEF (Step) (% personal best) or FEV2 % predicted best) severe persistent(4) Continual Frequent <60 moderate persistent(3) Daily >5 / month 60-80 mild persistent (2) >2/wk 3 to 4 / month >80 mild intermittent (1) <2 /wk <2 per month >80
Slide 7 : What makes you think this is ASTHMA?
Slide 8 : SUSPECT ASTHMA WITH: Intermittent wheezing, cough, dyspnea. Increased rate of breathing. Sx worse at night and in early morning. Associated with triggers. Onset before age 5. (80%)
Slide 9 : What is your differential?
Slide 10 : Wheezing can be caused by: URIs Rhinitis Sinusitis CF Cardiac disease GERD Foreign body aspiration...
Slide 11 : Workup?
Slide 12 : New Asthma Dx: Confirm with PFT Consider Allergy testing if the child also has significant allergic rhinitis.
Slide 13 : With the diagnosis of Asthma What are the findings on PFT?
Slide 14 : PFT Increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 12 percent or more after bronchodilator therapy. variable airflow obstruction (20 percent or more) with serial spirometry or peak expiratory flow (PEF). Not reliable in kids <3-4.
Slide 15 : CASE 1: Naomi J. An 7-year old girl has just moved into town and presents to her doctor. She has history of wheezing and rhinitis and recurrent otitis and sinusitis since infancy. Over the past 2 years her symptoms have worsened. She complains of coughing and SOB daily and claims to awaken at least once a week in the middle of the night by these symptoms.
Slide 16 : Her family history consists of maternal asthma, and atopy in both parents. Physical exam finds inflamed nose, mild wheezing, otherwise unremarkable. The patient's mother states that her daughter was previously prescribed an albuterol puffer to use prn, which her daughter uses daily and requires monthly refills, but the patient is able to remain active. In the past year she has had 4 courses of prednisone.
Slide 17 : What more would you want to know about your patient?
Slide 18 : Obtain a history to rule out triggers What are some possible triggers of RAD?
Slide 19 : Obtain a history to rule out triggers. What are some possible triggers of RAD?
Slide 20 : dust mites and mold spores, pollen animal dander, cockroaches, indoor and outdoor pollutants, irritants (e.g., tobacco smoke, smoke from wood-burning stoves or fireplaces, perfumes, cleaning agents), pharmacologic triggers (e.g., aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, beta blockers and sulfites), physical triggers (e.g., exercise, hyperventilation, cold air) physiologic factors (e.g., stress, gastroesophageal reflux, respiratory infection [viral, bacterial] and rhinitis). Kitchen sink.
Slide 21 : What is the best way to treat her today? ?
Slide 22 : “Treatment of children with asthma should begin with the most aggressive therapy necessary to achieve control, followed by "stepping down" to the minimal therapy that will maintain control.”
Slide 23 : Moderate Persistent Asthma (Step 3) High dose corticosteroid inhaler daily. Long acting daily bronchodilators. Short acting bronchodilator for symptoms.
Slide 24 : Asthma treatment by severity: Step 1; mild, intermittent days with symptoms: <2 times per week nights with symptoms <2 per month PEF>80% predicted.
Slide 25 : Asthma treatment by severity: Step 1; mild, intermittent No daily preventive meds needed: treat symptoms only. Treatment should be required no more than 2/week. Short acting beta-2 agonist: Albuterol MDI with face mask or spacer. Cost: $30-50/ canister.
Slide 26 : Step one: One inhaler...
Slide 27 : Asthma treatment by severity: Step 2; mild, persistent Days with symptoms >2 times per week Nights with symptoms: >2 per month but less than 5 times/month. percent predicted PEF >80%.
Slide 28 : Asthma treatment by severity: Step 2; mild, persistent Daily anti-inflammatory medications: Cromolyn (Intal) inhaler $47.00 Nedocromil (Tilade) inhaler $36.00 or Low- to medium dose inhaled corticosteroid [range of prices: Budesonide (Pulmicort Turbuhaler DPI), 200 µg per puff $19.00 to Fluticasone (Flovent), 44 µg per puff $47.00 (13-g canister)]
Slide 29 : Asthma treatment by severity: Step 2; mild, persistent Short-acting bronchodilator as needed for symptoms. Intensity of treatment depends on severity of exacerbation: Inhaled short-acting beta2 agonist by nebulizer or spacer/holding chamber and face mask or Oral beta2 agonist.
Slide 30 : Step two: Two inhalers...
Slide 31 : Treatment of Asthma by severity: Moderate Persistent Asthma (Step 3) Day time symptoms:Daily Night time symptoms>5 times per month PEF >60 to <80%
Slide 32 : Treatment of Asthma by severity: Moderate Persistent Asthma (Step 3) High dose corticosteroid inhaler daily. Long acting daily bronchodilators. Short acting bronchodilator for symptoms.
Slide 33 : Step 3: Rx with…?
Slide 34 : Step 3: 3 inhalers...
Slide 35 : High dose corticosteroid inhaler daily. Beclomethasone (Vanceril DS MDI), 84 µg per puff $42.00 Fluticasone (Flovent 220 µg per puff $95.50 Reduce to lower dose once symptoms controlled.
Slide 36 : Long acting daily bronchodilators. Salmeterol (Serevent MDI) $42.00 (Serevent Diskus DPI) $43.50 Short acting bronchodilators for rescue only: Albuterol.
Slide 37 : Step 4: Severe and persistent Sx Days with symptoms: Continual nights with symptoms: Frequent PEF <60% predicted.
Slide 38 : Treatment of step 4?
Slide 39 : Usually add oral pred to Step 3 medications. Treatment can be variable in step 4.
Slide 40 : Step 4; severe, persistent Daily anti-inflammatory medications: High-dose inhaled corticosteroid with spacer/ holding chamber and face mask and If needed, add systemic corticosteroids (0.25 to 2 mg per kg per day) and reduce to lowest daily or alternate-day dosage that stabilizes symptoms.
Slide 41 : What is the role of Antileukotrienes ? “In patients with chronic asthma who are symptomatic while receiving moderate-to-high doses of inhaled beclomethasone, the addition of 2 to 4 times the licensed dose of antileukotriene (AL) agents reduces the rate of exacerbations that require systemic corticosteroids. Insufficient evidence exists that AL confers benefit over doubling the dose of corticosteroids or that it has an inhaled corticosteroid-sparing effect.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD003133
Slide 42 : What is the role of Antileukotrienes ? They are new drugs, and expensive. The doses that seem to work are higher than marketed recommendations. They may help in Step 3 and 4, to reduce exacerbations, and reduce need to increase dose of inhaled steroids. No worrisome side effects…yet.
Slide 43 : Home severity monitoring may help keep kids out of the hospital. First, determine their “Personal Best” Ask them to check PF a few times each day, for two weeks, when asthma in good control.
Slide 44 : Write out the PF Color Zones PF <50% Red Zone PF 50-80% Yellow Zone PF> 80%: Green Zone
Slide 45 : Green Zone: PF > 80% of personal best. No symptoms at all. Good Control. Continue taking regular medications.
Slide 46 : Yellow Zone: PF 50%-80% CAUTION! Need rescue meds: Use short acting Beta-2 agonist (Albuterol MDI or nebulizer). Consider increasing dose of medication. Monitor PF more frequently.
Slide 47 : Red Zone: PF < 50% Use Short Acting beta-2 Agonist: Albuterol. Call doctor’s office, or seek medical attention.
Slide 48 : Kids die of Asthma. Mortality rate increasing.
Slide 49 : Who is at risk of dying of asthma? Severe disease: 1-2% of these kids will die of asthma. Hx: prior hospitalization, steroid need. Symptoms triggered by foods. Self weaning, esp. off steroids. Lack of parental care. Poor, African-American, boys.
Slide 50 : However…in large study of asthma deaths: 33% had mild asthma. 34% had no prior hospitalization. A minority of patients (15-30%) die suddenly, within two hours of onset of dyspnea.
Slide 51 : When assessing a sick asthmatic: If they are unable to lie down, the severity is moderate of great, and they will need more aggressive work up and treatment.
Slide 52 :
Slide 53 : The end.

 


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