Basics Of The Immune System

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Slide 1 : Basics Of The Immune System Dr Himanshu Dash,
Slide 2 : The immune system has evolved to protect the host from pathogens while minimising damage to self tissue. At the heart of the immune response is the ability to distinguish between "self" and "non-self."
Slide 3 : Immune defences are normally categorised 1)Innate immune response- which provides immediate protection against an invading pathogen, and 2) Adaptive or acquired immune response, which takes more time but confers exquisite specificity and long-lasting protection.
Slide 4 : PROPERTIES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES Innate Adaptive Immediate slow No memory Memory
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Slide 6 : THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 1)CONSTITUTIVE BARRIERS a)skin b)mucous membrane 2PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INFLAMATION
Slide 7 : Microbial growth is inhibited by physiological factors such as low pH and low oxygen tension, and sebaceous glands secrete hydrophobic oils that further repel water and microorganisms.
Slide 8 : Within the respiratory tract, cilia directly trap pathogens and contribute to removal of mucus, assisted by physical manoeuvres such as sneezing and coughing. In the gastrointestinal tract, hydrochloric acid and salivary amylase chemically destroy bacteria, while normal peristalsis and induced vomiting or diarrhoea promote clearance of invading organisms.
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Slide 11 : INFLAMATION
Slide 12 : CYTOKINES IMPORTANT CYTOKINES IN REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE .
Slide 13 : Interferon-alpha (IFN-a) T cells and NK cellsMacrophagesAntiviral activityActivates NK cells, CD8+ T cells and macrophages
Slide 14 : Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) Macrophages Pro-inflammatory Increases apoptosis and expression of cytokines and adhesion moleculesDirectly cytotoxic
Slide 15 : Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Macrophages and neutrophils Acute phase reactantStimulates neutrophil recruitment, fever, T cell and macrophage activation, immunoglobulin production
Slide 16 : Interleukin-2 (IL-2) CD4+ T cellsStimulates proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes
Slide 17 : Interleukin-4 (IL-4) CD4+ T cells and mast cells Stimulates maturation of B and T cells, and production of IgE antibody
Slide 18 : Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Monocytes and macrophages Acute phase reactantStimulates maturation of B cells into plasma cells
Slide 19 : Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Monocytes and macrophages Stimulates IFN-? and TNF-arelease by T cells, activates natural killer (NK) cells
Slide 20 : complement The complement system is a group of more than 20 tightly regulated, functionally linked proteins that act to promote inflammation and eliminate invading pathogens
Slide 21 : Three mechanisms by which the complement cascade may be triggered
Slide 22 : The alternative pathway is directly triggered by binding of C3 to bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria and teichoic acid of Gram-positive bacteria.
Slide 23 : The classical pathway is initiated when IgM or IgG antibody binds to antigen, forming immune complexes. This induces a conformational change in the antibody, exposing a binding site for the first protein in the classical pathway, C1.
Slide 24 : The lectin pathway is activated by the direct binding of mannose-binding lectin to microbial cell surface carbohydrates
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Slide 27 : THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM HUMORAL IMMUNITY
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Slide 30 : IgG 8.0-16.0 g/lIgG1 +++Distributed equally between blood and extracellular fluidCan be transferred across placentaIgG2 is particularly important in making antibodies against polysaccharides
Slide 31 : IgA 1.5-4.0 g/l 2 subclasses: IgA1, IgA2Highly effective at neutralising toxinsParticularly important at mucosal surfaces
Slide 32 : IgM 0.5-2.0 g/l Highly effective at agglutinating pathogens
Slide 33 : IgE 0.003-0.04 g/l Majority of IgE is bound to mast cells, basophils and eosinophils Important in allergic disease and defence against parasite infection
Slide 34 : IgD Function unknown
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Slide 36 : CELLULAR IMMUNITY Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Regulatory Tcells
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Slide 38 : Both types of MHC proteins are important to T cell activation Class I MHC proteins Always recognized by CD8 T cells Display peptides from endogenous antigens MHC Proteins
Slide 39 : Endogenous antigens are: Degraded by proteases and enter the endoplasmic reticulum Loaded onto class I MHC molecules Displayed on the cell surface in association with a class I MHC molecule Class I MHC Proteins
Slide 40 : Class I MHC Proteins Figure 21.15a
Slide 41 : Class II MHC proteins are found only on mature B cells, some T cells, and antigen-presenting cells A phagosome containing pathogens (with exogenous antigens) merges with a lysosome Invariant protein prevents class II MHC proteins from binding to peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum Class II MHC Proteins
Slide 42 : Class II MHC proteins migrate into the phagosomes where the antigen is degraded and the invariant chain is removed for peptide loading Loaded Class II MHC molecules then migrate to the cell membrane and display antigenic peptide for recognition by CD4 cells Class II MHC Proteins
Slide 43 : Class II MHC Proteins Figure 21.15b
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Slide 45 : T Cell Activation: Step One – Antigen Binding Figure 21.16
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Slide 48 : Helper T Cells (TH) Figure 21.17a
Slide 49 : Suppressor T cells (TS) – regulatory cells that release cytokines, which suppress the activity of both T cells and B cells Other T Cells
Slide 50 : Summary of the Primary Immune Response Figure 21.19
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Slide 52 : THANK YOU
Slide 53 : ANAPHYLAXIS Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic reaction caused by the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils.
Slide 54 : Pathophysiology
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