Effets of environmental pollution on human nasal mucosa

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Slide 1 :

Massimo Gulisano Stefania Pacini Marco Ruggiero Tiziana Punzi Gabriele Morucci Aurora Ferretti Piero Dolara Lisa Giovannelli Silvia Pezzatini Gianni Polli Careggi Hospital University of Florence - Italy

Slide 2 :

Effects of Environmental Pollution on Human Nasal Mucosa in Florence, Italy

Slide 3 :

Sources of Carbon Monoxide (CO) (from US EPA Air Quality Index)

Slide 4 :

Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (from US EPA Air Quality Index) Benzene Ethyl-benzene Toluene Xylene 1,3-Butadiene Formaldehyde Styrene Hexane etc.

Slide 5 :

Sources of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (from US EPA Air Quality Index) NO2 NO

Slide 6 :

Sources of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (from US EPA Air Quality Index)

Slide 7 :

Particulate Matter (Pm) (from US EPA Air Quality Index)

Slide 8 :

Ground Level Ozone (O3) Formation

Slide 9 :

Aim of the study Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on nasal mucosa in exposed subjects in Florence (Italy) by a non invasive procedure (“brushing”). One hundred policemen was selected as representative and homogeneous category of the population of Florence.

Slide 10 :

Specimen of Nasal Mucosa (brushing) Effects on cell morphology Effects on DNA

Slide 11 :

Numerous air pollutants, in particular oxidizing substances such as ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, can induce DNA damage. When damages on DNA are weak, cells are able to activate specific pathways to repair DNA. On the other hand, when damages are strong, apoptotic pathways are activated and damaged epithelial cells are removed from the nasal mucosa.

Slide 12 :

Analysis of DNA damage Single - or double-strand DNA breaks

Slide 13 :

Slide 14 :

Slide 15 :

The lenght of the “tail” of the comet is related to DNA damage.

Slide 16 :

Examined Variables gender age smoking habits area of residence specific work occupation upper airway chronic pathologies

Slide 17 :

The upper airway chronic pathologies are related to an increased DNA damage normal rhinitis

Slide 18 :

Riniti-ozono

Slide 19 :

Correlation between DNA damage and air ozone concentration in all the subjects enrolled

Slide 20 :

Correlation between DNA damage and air ozone concentration in subjects without upper airway pathologies

Slide 21 :

Analysis of cell morphology (light microscopy) Cell clusters Flogistic cells Squamous metaplasia Cell shape

Slide 22 :

Specimens of nasal mucosa obtained from subjects affected by upper airway pathologies and with a significant DNA DAMAGE show scarse number of normal cell clusters.

Slide 23 :

Normal cell cluster Altered cell cluster

Slide 24 :

Analysis of cell morphology (light microscopy) Cell clusters Flogistic cells Squamous metaplasia Cell shape

Slide 25 :

Specimens of nasal mucosa obtained from subjects affected by upper airway pathologies show numerous flogistic cells.

Slide 26 :

Analysis of cell morphology (light microscopy) Cell clusters Flogistic cells Squamous metaplasia Cell shape

Slide 27 :

Normal nasal mucosa cells

Slide 28 :

Metaplasia squamosa Metaplastic cells

Slide 29 :

Percentage of subjects affected by metaplasia of nasal mucosa Presence of metaplasia Absence of metaplasia

Slide 30 :

Metaplasia squamosa Squamous metaplasia is NOT associated to elevated DNA damage.

Slide 31 :

Morphological alterations are NOT associated to elevated DNA damage.

Slide 32 :

Morphological analysis Squamous metaplasia present rare absent Cell clusters large and numerous little and rare absent

Slide 33 :

Morphology of cilindric cells conserved altered strongly altered Blood cells rare present numerous Possibilities no cell alteration light cell alterations strong cell alterations light inflammation intense inflammation

Slide 34 :

Conclusions Squamous metaplasia and morphologic alterations do not correlate to DNA damage. Presence of altered cell clusters correlates to DNA damage.

Slide 35 :

Conclusions Specimens of nasal mucosa obtained from subjects affected by upper airways pathologies show a significant DNA damage and rare cell clusters. Specimens of nasal mucosa obtained from subjects without upper airways pathologies show squamous metaplasia and altered cell morphology but no DNA damage.

Slide 36 :

Conclusions Specific strategies should be carried out to prevent the outcome of cell and DNA damage in exposed subjects. Besides the estabilished methods of measurements of air pollution, a constant biological monitoring of cell and DNA damage in exposed subjects should be performed.

Slide 37 :

Conclusions Analysis of specimens of nasal mucosa obtained by non invasive and painless method (brushing) may be proposed as a test of screening for the evaluation of biological effects of air pollution.

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