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Genetics of Cancer

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preksha on Sep 13, 2009 Says :

thanks for slides, excellent ppt, very useful.

Milena do Carmo Araújo on Jul 26, 2009 Says :

slide of cancer

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Slide 1 :

Genetics of Cancer

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Cancer Cancer is one of the most common and severe problems of clinical medicine. Cancer is not a single disease but rather a name applied to a great variety of malignant tumors that are formed by the same basic process of uncontrolled growth. Cell proliferation results in a mass that invades neighboring tissues and may metastasize to more distant sites. Some cancers, however, such as blood cancers, do not form tumors. Many aspects of cell function are controlled by a balance of positive and negative signals received from inside and outside the cell. In normal tissues, there is a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. In tumor, this balance is lost. Cancer has both genetic and environmental causes.

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Cell Cycle

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Environmental & Genetic Factors There are cancers in which environmental factors are of primary importance and hereditary seems to play no part in causation. e.g. Industrial cancer which result from prolonged exposure to carcinogenic chemicals as cancer of the skin in tar workers , cancer of the bladder in aniline dye workers,….. In certain cancers, such as breast and bowel cancer, genetic factors play an important , but not exclusive role in the etiology.

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Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cell. In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell , genes which regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered. When normal regulation is altered, uncontrolled growth is initiated and a malignant tumor develop. Genetic changes can occur at many levels, from gain or loss of entire chromosomes to a mutation affecting a single DNA nucleotide. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation and microRNAs are increasingly recognized. The Genetic Nature of Cancer

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These abnormalities may be due to Carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents (Viruses are involved in cancers). Randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication or Inherited and thus present in all cells from birth. The heritability of cancers are usually affected by complex interactions between carcinogens and the host's genome.

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There are two basic kinds of genetic mutations Germline mutations are responsible for 5% to 10% of cancer cases. This is also called familial (occurring in families) cancer. Sporadic cancer or somatic mutation. Most cancers are caused by a series of mutations that develop during a person's lifetime called acquired mutations. Acquired mutations are caused by tobacco, over-exposure to UV radiation, and other toxins and chemicals. These mutations are not in every cell of the body and are not passed from parent to child.

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Genes That play a Role in Cancer Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes DNA repair genes. These are genes that fix any mistakes made when DNA is replicated (copied). Mistakes that aren't fixed become mutations, which may eventually lead to cancer, especially if the mutation occurs in a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene.

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Distribution of Oncogenes, Cancer Genes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in the Human Genome The two types have opposite effects in carcinogenesis. Oncogenes facilitate malignant transformation, whereas tumor suppressor genes, block tumor development by regulating genes involved in cell growth.

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIH.png Cancer develops when several genes in a cell become mutated in a way that overrides the checks and balances of the cell. However, many cancers cannot be tied to a specific gene, and some genes may interact in unpredictable ways with other genes or factors in the environment to cause cancer.

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Oncogenes Oncogenes are known by three letter abbreviation which reflect their origin or the type of tumor with which they are associated. Cancer-promoting oncogenes: If oncogene is altered or overexpressed, either as a result of a mutation in the gene itself or by altered external control, the cell in which the change occurred can undergo uncontrolled growth, eventually malignant. Most oncogenes are mutated forms of normal genes, called proto-oncogenes.

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	SlidesOnline 8 Months ago. Category: Allergy

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