Hypertension New Concepts, Guidelines, and Clinical Management

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Slide 1 : Hypertension: New Concepts, Guidelines, and Clinical Management Nathan D. Wong, PhD, FACC Associate Professor and Director Heart Disease Prevention Program Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
Slide 2 : Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease 10 20 30 40 50 60 High BP CAD CHF Stroke Other 50,000,000 12,200,000 4,600,000 4,400,000 2,800,000 Prevalence (millions) BP=blood pressure, CAD=coronary artery disease, CHF=congestive heart failure Estimated Number of Persons With Cardiovascular Disease in the US American Heart Association® . 2000 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. 1999. (24%)
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Slide 5 : Peripheral vascular disease ? Morbidity ? Disability Renal disease CAD CHF LVH Stroke Hypertension National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:186-208. Hypertension: A Significant CV and Renal Disease Risk Factor
Slide 6 : Benefits of Lowering BP Average Percent Reduction Stroke incidence 35–40% Myocardial infarction 20–25% Heart failure 50%
Slide 7 : Preventable CHD Events from Control of Hypertension in US Adults (Wong et al., Am Heart J 2003; 145: 888-95) PAR% = population attributable risk (proportion of CHD events preventable), NNT = number needed to treat to prevent 1 CHD event ; <0.01 comparing men and women for PAR%
Slide 8 : Preventable CHD Events from Control of Hypertension in US Adults (Wong et al., Am Heart J 2003; 145: 888-95) (cont.) The greatest impact (absolute numbers) from control of hypertension occurs in men, older persons, and those with isolated systolic hypertension The greatest proportion of preventable CHD events from control of hypertension occurs in women Optimal control of blood pressure could prevent more than one third of CHD events in men and more than half of CHD events in women
Slide 9 : BP Control Rates Trends in awareness, treatment, and control of high blood pressure in adults ages 18–74 Sources: Unpublished data for 1999–2000 computed by M. Wolz, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; JNC 6.
Slide 10 : The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National High Blood Pressure Education Program
Slide 11 : Blood Pressure Classification
Slide 12 : For persons over age 50, SBP is a more important than DBP as CVD risk factor Starting at 115/75 mmHg, CVD risk doubles with each increment of 20/10 mmHg throughout the BP range. Persons who are normotensive at age 55 have a 90% lifetime risk for developing HTN. Those with SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 80–89 mmHg should be considered prehypertensive who require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD. New Features and Key Messages
Slide 13 : 4-Year Progression To Hypertension: The Framingham Heart Study (<120/80 mm Hg) (130/85 mm Hg) (130-139/85-89 mm Hg) Vasan, et al. Lancet 2001;358:1682-86 Participants age 36 and older
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Slide 15 : HOT Study: Significant Benefit From Intensive Treatment in the Diabetic Subgroup Hansson L et al. Lancet. 1998;351:1755-1762. 0 5 10 15 20 25 ?90 ?85 ?80 Major cardiovascular events/1,000 patient-years p=0.005 for trend mm Hg Target Diastolic Blood Pressure
Slide 16 : SBP-Associated Risks: MRFIT Adapted from Neaton JD et al. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:56-64. SBP versus DBP in Risk of CHD Mortality Diastolic BP (mm Hg) Systolic BP (mm Hg) CHD Death Rate 100+ 90–99 80–89 75–79 70–74 <70 <120 120–139 140–159 160+ 48.3 20.6 10.3 11.8 8.8 8.5 9.2 23.8 16.9 13.9 12.8 12.6 11.8 31.0 25.5 24.6 25.3 25.2 24.9 37.4 34.7 43.8 38.1 80.6
Slide 17 : Disease Relative Risk Kidney failure (ESRD) ?2.8 Stroke ?2.7 Heart failure ?1.5 Peripheral vascular disease ?1.8 Myocardial infarction* =1.6 Coronary artery disease ?1.5 ESRD = end-stage renal disease; SBP ?165 mm Hg. *Men only. Adapted from Kannel WB. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:3S-10S; Perry HM Jr et al. Hypertension. 1995;25(part 1):587-594; Klag MJ et al. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:13-18; Nielsen WB et al. Ugeskr Laeger. 1996;158:3779-3783; Neaton JD et al. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:56-64. Elevated SBP Alone Is Associated With Increased Risk of Cardiovascular and Renal Disease
Slide 18 : Lowering SBP Benefits Older Patients Clinical trials document importance of controlling elevated SBP to prevent cardiovascular disease SHEP (Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program) Syst-Eur (Systolic Hypertension in Europe) Adapted from SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1991;265:3255-3264; Staessen JA et al. Lancet. 1997;350:757-764.
Slide 19 : SHEP: Outcomes *P=.0003 vs placebo. Adapted from SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1991;265:3255-3264. Risk Reduction Risk Reduction (%) 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –36* Total Mortality –13 Stroke
Slide 20 : Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Objective: To determine whether antihypertensive treatment reduces cardiovascular complications in older patients with elevated SBP Patients: 4695 patients, ?60 years of age, with SBP 160–219 mm Hg and DBP <95 mm Hg Treatments: Nitrendipine (10–40 mg/day) with possible addition or substitution of: Enalapril (5–20 mg/day) Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5–25 mg/day) Placebo Follow-up: 2 years (median) Endpoint: Total stroke Myocardial infarction Adapted from Staessen JA et al. Lancet. 1997;350:757-764.
Slide 21 : Syst-Eur: Outcomes *P=.003; †P=.03; ‡P=.12; §P<.001. Adapted from Staessen JA et al. Lancet. 1997;350:757-764. Percent Reduction 0 –5 –10 –15 –20 –25 –30 –35 –40 –45 –42* Heart Failure Stroke All Cardiac Endpoints All Fatal/Nonfatal Cardiac Endpoints MI –26† –29‡ –30‡ –31§ Risk Reduction
Slide 22 : Pulse Pressure Increase in pulse pressure (PP) indicates greater stiffness in large conduit arteries, primarily the thoracic aorta. PP, therefore, is a surrogate measure of dynamic, cyclic stress during systole. PP may be a better marker of increased CV risk than either systolic BP or diastolic BP alone in older persons. PP = SBP – DBP
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Slide 24 : ATP III: The Metabolic Syndrome* *Diagnosis is established when ?3 of these risk factors are present. †Abdominal obesity is more highly correlated with metabolic risk factors than is ?BMI. ‡Some men develop metabolic risk factors when circumference is only marginally increased. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497. © 2001, Professional Postgraduate Services® www.lipidhealth.org
Slide 25 : Prevalence of Selected Risk Factors in US Adults with the Metabolic Syndrome (without Diabetes) (Wong et al., Am J Cardiol 2003, in press)
Slide 26 : Estimated Proportion of CHD Events Preventable by Control of Blood Pressure, HDL-C, LDL-C, and All 3 Factors to “Optimal” Levels in Persons with the Metabolic Syndrome (Wong et al., Am J Cardiol 2003, in press) ** * * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 compared to men
Slide 27 : Antihypertensive Trial Design Randomized, double-blind, multi-center clinical trial Determine whether occurrence of fatal CHD or nonfatal MI is lower for high-risk hypertensive patients treated with newer agents (CCB, ACEI, alpha-blocker) compared with a diuretic 42,418 high-risk hypertensive patients = 55 years
Slide 28 : Cumulative Event Rates for the Primary Outcome (Fatal CHD or Nonfatal MI) by ALLHAT Treatment Group Chlorthalidone Amlodipine Lisinopril
Slide 29 : Cumulative Event Rates for Stroke by ALLHAT Treatment Group Chlorthalidone Amlodipine Lisinopril
Slide 30 : Cumulative CHF Rate Years to HF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 .03 .06 .09 .12 .15 Cumulative Event Rates for Heart Failure by ALLHAT Treatment Group Chlorthalidone Amlodipine Lisinopril
Slide 31 : Overall Conclusions Because of the superiority of thiazide-type diuretics in preventing one or more major forms of CVD and their lower cost, they should be the drugs of choice for first-step antihypertensive drug therapy.
Slide 32 : JNC-VII New Features and Key Messages (Continued) Thiazide-type diuretics should be initial drug therapy for most, either alone or combined with other drug classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for other drug classes. Most patients will require two or more antihypertensive drugs to achieve goal BP. If BP is >20/10 mmHg above goal, initiate therapy with two agents, one usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic.
Slide 33 : JNC-VII New Features and Key Messages (Continued) The most effective therapy prescribed by the careful clinician will control HTN only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with, and trust in, the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. The responsible physician’s judgment remains paramount.
Slide 34 : Patient Evaluation Evaluation of patients with documented HTN has three objectives: Assess lifestyle and identify other CV risk factors or concomitant disorders that affects prognosis and guides treatment. Reveal identifiable causes of high BP. Assess the presence or absence of target organ damage and CVD.
Slide 35 : BP Measurement Techniques
Slide 36 : CVD Risk Factors Hypertension* Cigarette smoking Obesity* (BMI >30 kg/m2) Physical inactivity Dyslipidemia* Diabetes mellitus* Microalbuminuria or estimated GFR <60 ml/min Age (older than 55 for men, 65 for women) Family history of premature CVD (men under age 55 or women under age 65) *Components of the metabolic syndrome.
Slide 37 : JNC VI. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413. JNC VI: BP Risk Stratification Risk Group A No CV risk factors No diabetes, target-organ damage, or clinical CVD Risk Group B At least one other risk factor: age >60, male gender or postmenopausal status, dyslipidemia, smoking, +FH (No diabetes, target-organ damage, or clinical CVD) Risk Group C Diabetes or target-organ damage or clinical CVD with or without other risk factors
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Slide 39 : Target Organ Damage Heart Left ventricular hypertrophy Angina or prior myocardial infarction Prior coronary revascularization Heart failure Brain Stroke or transient ischemic attack Chronic kidney disease Peripheral arterial disease Retinopathy
Slide 40 : Laboratory Tests Routine Tests Electrocardiogram Urinalysis Blood glucose, and hematocrit Serum potassium, creatinine, or the corresponding estimated GFR, and calcium Lipid profile, after 9- to 12-hour fast, that includes high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides Optional tests Measurement of urinary albumin excretion or albumin/creatinine ratio More extensive testing for identifiable causes is not generally indicated unless BP control is not achieved
Slide 41 : Lifestyle Modification
Slide 42 : For Prevention and Management Lifestyle Modifications Lose weight if overweight Limit alcohol intake Increase aerobic physical activity Reduce sodium intake Maintain adequate intake of potassium Maintain adequate intake of calcium and magnesium Stop smoking Reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol For Overall and Cardiovascular Health
Slide 43 : Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet high in fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy products lowers blood pressure (11 mmHg SBP/ 5 mmHg DBP lower than traditional US diet), including more than a sodium-restricted diet Recommends 7-8 servings/day of grain/grain products, 4-5 vegetable, 4-5 fruit, 2-3 low- or non-fat dairy products, 2 or less meat, poultry, and fish. NEJM 1997; 366: 1117-24.
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Slide 45 : Classification and Management of BP for adults *Treatment determined by highest BP category. †Initial combined therapy should be used cautiously in those at risk for orthostatic hypotension. ‡Treat patients with chronic kidney disease or diabetes to BP goal of <130/80 mmHg.
Slide 46 : Followup and Monitoring Patients should return for followup and adjustment of medications until the BP goal is reached. More frequent visits for stage 2 HTN or with complicating comorbid conditions. Serum potassium and creatinine monitored 1–2 times per year.
Slide 47 : Followup and Monitoring (continued) After BP at goal and stable, followup visits at 3- to 6-month intervals. Comorbidities, such as heart failure, associated diseases, such as diabetes, and the need for laboratory tests influence the frequency of visits.
Slide 48 : Special Considerations Compelling Indications Other Special Situations Minority populations Obesity and the metabolic syndrome Left ventricular hypertrophy Peripheral arterial disease Hypertension in older persons Postural hypotension Dementia Hypertension in women Hypertension in children and adolescents Hypertension urgencies and emergencies
Slide 49 : Compelling Indications for Individual Drug Classes
Slide 50 : Compelling Indications for Individual Drug Classes
Slide 51 : Cardiovascular Diseases Cerebrovascular disease Indication for treatment, except immediately after ischemic cerebral infarction. Coronary artery disease Benefits of therapy well established. Left ventricular hypertrophy Antihypertensive agents (except direct vasodilators) indicated. Reduced weight and decreased sodium intake beneficial.
Slide 52 : Cardiovascular Diseases (continued) Cardiac failure ACE inhibitors, especially with digoxin or diuretics, shown to prevent subsequent heart failure. Peripheral arterial disease Limited or no data available.
Slide 53 : CCBs, calcium channel blockers. CHD, coronary heart disease. * Includes INSIGHT, NICS-EH, STOP-2, NORDIL, and VHAS. Diamonds represent the 95% CI for pooled estimates of effect and are centered on pooled relative risk. Adapted from Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356:1955-1964. Stroke 456 529 0.87 (0.77-0.98) CHD 567 510 1.12 (1.00-1.26) Heart Failure 278 250 1.12 (0.95-1.33) Major CV Events 1,251 1,234 1.02 (0.95-1.10) CV Death 425 405 1.05 (0.92-1.20) Total Mortality 776 776 1.01 (0.92-1.11) Relative Risk Favors CCBs Favors diuretics or beta blockers CCBs (n=11,685) Diuretics or Beta Blockers (n=11,769) 0.5 1.0 2.0 No. of Events* Relative Risk (95% CI) Relative Risk of CV Events and Mortality: CCBs vs Diuretics or Beta Blockers
Slide 54 : HOPE: Risk Reduction of CV Events Associated with ACEI (RAS Inhibition) Treatment Adapted from The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145-153.
Slide 55 : CHD, coronary heart disease. * Includes STOP-2, UKPDS-HDS, and CAPPP. Diamonds represent the 95% CI for pooled estimates of effect and are centered on pooled relative risk. Adapted from Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356:1955-1964. Stroke 425 402 1.05 (0.92-1.19) CHD 423 420 1.00 (0.88-1.14) Heart Failure 223 250 0.92 (0.77-1.09) Major CV Events 1,018 1,004 1.00 (0.93-1.08) CV Death 350 348 1.00 (0.87-1.15) Total Mortality 639 618 1.03 (0.93-1.14) Relative Risk Favors ACE inhibitors Favors diuretics or beta blockers No. of Events* ACE Inhibitors (n=8,097) Diuretics or Beta Blockers (n=8,064) 0.5 1.0 2.0 Relative Risk (95% CI) Relative Risk of CV Events and Mortality: ACE Inhibitors vs Diuretics or Beta Blockers
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Slide 58 : Irbesartan and Atenolol in Hypertension and LVH Study Design Single-blind Placebo Irbesartan 150-300 mg Atenolol 50-100 mg Addition of HCTZ 12.5-25 mg if SeDBP ?90 mm Hg Addition of Felodipine 5-10 mg if SeDBP ?90 mm Hg Wk: -4 0 12 24 48 * BP, echocardiography, neurohormone measurements. Malmqvist K et al. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1167-1176. * Double Blind * * *
Slide 59 : Irbesartan vs Atenolol in Hypertension and LVH: SeDBP Reduction -20 -15 -10 -5 0 12 wk 24 wk 48 wk % reduction in SeDBP Irbesartan Atenolol * * † * * * * * p<.001 vs baseline. † p<.028 irbesartan vs atenolol. Malmqvist K et al. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1167-1176.
Slide 60 : Irbesartan vs Atenolol in Hypertension and LVH: LVMI Reduction -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 % change in LVMI (g/m2) *p<.001 vs baseline; †p=.024 irbesartan vs atenolol. Malmqvist K et al. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1167-1176. Irbesartan Atenolol
Slide 61 : LIFE: Inclusion Criteria Age 55-80 years Previously treated or untreated hypertension Systolic BP 160-200 mmHg or Diastolic BP 95-115 mmHg ECG LVH Adapted from Dahlöf B et al. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:705-13.
Slide 62 : * Other antihypertensives excluding ACEIs, AII antagonists, beta-blockers. Adapted from Dahlöf B et al. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:705-713. LIFE: Dosing Titration to target blood pressure: <140 / <90 mmHg Placebo Run-in Losartan 50 mg Atenolol 50 mg Losartan 50 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg Losartan 100 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg Losartan 100 mg + HCTZ 12.5-25 mg + others* Atenolol 50 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg Atenolol 100 mg + HCTZ 12.5 mg Atenolol 100 mg + HCTZ 12.5-25 mg + others* Average follow up 4.7 years
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Slide 64 : Losartan Atenolol (n=4,605) (n=4,588) RR (%) p-value Primary composite† 508 588 -13 .021 CV mortality 204 234 -11 .21 Stroke 232 309 -25 .001 MI 198 188 +7 .49 Total mortality 383 431 -10 .13 New onset DM‡ 241 319 -25 <.001 LIFE: Primary and Select Secondary Outcomes Adjusted* * For degree of LVH and Framingham risk score at randomization † Number of patients with a first primary event ‡ In patients without diabetes at randomization (losartan, n=4,019; atenolol, n=3,979) Adapted from B Dahlöf et al. Lancet. 2002;359:995-1003.
Slide 65 : Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) Study Characteristics: 5,010 total patients randomized with NYHA class II, III, or IV HF Two groups: valsartan (target dose 160 mg BID) plus standard therapy vs placebo plus standard therapy Mean duration of follow-up: 23 months (range 0-38) Two primary end points: Mortality Combined mortality and morbidity (morbidity defined as cardiac arrest with resuscitation, hospitalization for HF, or administration of IV inotropic or vasodilator drugs for > 4 hours without hospitalization)
Slide 66 : Val-HeFT Results Overall mortality was similar in the two groups 13% RRR (p=.009) in combined end point Predominantly because of a 27% decrease in hospitalization for HF in the valsartan group Subgroup analyses: Valsartan had a favorable effect in patients receiving neither an ACE inhibitor nor a beta-blocker Valsartan had a favorable effect in patients receiving an ACE inhibitor or a beta blocker Valsartan demonstrated a statistically non-significant trend towards an adverse outcome in patients receiving an ACE inhibitor and a beta blocker
Slide 67 : Web site www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
Slide 68 : DASH Fact Sheet
Slide 69 : Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure
Slide 70 : Reference Card
Slide 71 : Diabetes Mellitus Drug therapy should begin along with lifestyle modifications to reduce blood pressure to < 130/85 mm Hg. ACE inhibitors, ?-blockers, calcium antagonists, and low-dose diuretics are preferred. Insulin resistance or high peripheral insulin levels may cause hypertension, which can be treated with lifestyle changes, insulin-sensitizing agents, vasodilating antihypertensive drugs, and lipid-lowering agents.
Slide 72 : Renal Disease Hypertension may result from renal disease that reduces functioning nephrons. Evidence shows a clear relationship between high blood pressure and end-stage renal disease. Blood pressure should be controlled to < 130/85 mm Hg or lower (< 125/75 mm Hg) in patients with proteinuria in excess of 1 gram per 24 hours. ACE inhibitors work well to control blood pressure and slow progression of renal failure.
Slide 73 : ADA Guidelines on Management of Diabetic Nephropathy Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetic Patients* ARBs are the initial agents of choice Type 1 Diabetics with or without hypertension* ACEIs are the initial agents of choice If one class is not tolerated the other should be substituted * With microalbuminuria and clinical proteinuria. Adapted from American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:S85-S89.
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Slide 75 : Veterans Administration Hypertension and Screening Clinics 15-Year ESRD Rates and Risk Ratios by Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure SBP (mm Hg) Risk Ratio < 140 > 140 but < 151 > 151 but < 165 > 165 but < 180 > 180 1.00 1.00 1.08 2.07 5.62 Number of screenees: 11,912 (5,730 black; 6,182 white) Source: Perry HM, et al. Hypertension. 1995;25:587-594
Slide 76 : Veterans Administration Hypertension and Screening Clinics 15-Year ESRD Rates and Risk Ratios by Baseline Diastolic Blood Pressure DBP (mm Hg) Risk Ratio < 94 > 94 but < 100 > 100 but < 106 > 106 but < 118 > 118 1.00 1.05 0.89 1.54 4.18 Number of screenees: 11,912 (5,730 black; 6,182 white) Source: Perry HM, et al. Hypertension. 1995;25:587-594
Slide 77 : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS): Results Tight blood pressure control* with captopril- or atenolol-based therapy reduces risk of Risk reduction p-value Any diabetes-related endpoints 24% 0.005 Diabetes-related deaths 32% 0.019 Stroke 44% 0.013 Microvascular endpoints 37% 0.009 * Mean blood pressure achieved: 144/82 vs 154/87 mm Hg. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group 38. BMJ. 1998;317:703-713. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group 33. Lancet. 1998;352:837-853.
Slide 78 : Diabetic Nephropathy Burden of Illness Incidence Approximately 40% of all new cases of ESRD in the U.S. are due to diabetes1 Type 2 diabetes accounts for most cases of diabetic nephropathy2,3 Prevalence of nephropathy 57% after 25 years of type 2 diabetes4 Cost In U.S. alone, total annual spending for ESRD > $15 billion1 Cost/patient-year higher for diabetic ESRD ($51,000) than nondiabetic ESRD ($39,000)5 1. USRDS Coordinating Center. USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report. The Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center of the University of Michigan; 1999. NIH Contract no. NO1-DK-3-2202. 2. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2001;24 (supp 1):S69-72. 3. Ritz E, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;27:167-194. 4. Bakris GL et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:646-661. 5. Ruggenenti P et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:2336-2343.
Slide 79 : Diabetic Nephropathy Burden of Illness (continued) Mortality 1.5-2.5x greater mortality among diabetics with ESRD than nondiabetics1 < 20% of diabetics with ESRD survive 5 years after initiation of dialysis1 Cardiovascular complications the most common cause of death2,3 1. Koch M et al. Diabetologia. 1993;36:1113-1117. 2. Bakris GL. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998;39:S35-S42. 3. Grundy SM et al. Circulation. 1999;100:1134-1146.
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Slide 82 : Proteinuria & Risk of CV Mortality,Stroke, & CHD Events in Type 2 Diabetes CHD, coronary heart disease; UPC, urinary protein concentration. * Defined as CHD death or nonfatal MI. Adapted from Miettinen H et al. Stroke. 1996;27:2033-2039. A: UPC <150 mg/L B: UPC 150-300 mg/L C: UPC >300 mg/L 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Stroke CHD Events* P<.001 for trends Incidence (%) Reduction in Survival due to CV Mortality Months A B C P-values: Overall <.001 A vs B =.013 A vs C <.001 B vs C <.001 0 10 20 30 40
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Slide 84 : HOT: Significant Benefit From Intensive Antihypertensive Treatment in Diabetes * Defined as fatal and nonfatal MI, fatal and nonfatal stroke, and all other CV death. Adapted from Hansson L et al. Lancet. 1998;351:1755-1762. 0 5 10 15 20 25 £90 £85 £80 Major CV Events*/1000 Patient-yrs in Hypertensive Patients with Diabetes P=.005 for trend Target DBP (mm Hg)
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Slide 90 : IDNT & RENAAL: Study Design SeCr, serum creatinine; ESRD, end-stage renal disease. † Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851-860. ‡ Brenner BM et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861-869. Patients: 1,715 HTN patients with type 2 1,513 HTN patients with diabetes & nephropathy type 2 diabetes & nephropathy Treatment arms: irbesartan, amlodipine, losartan, placebo placebo Target BP: 135/85 mm Hg 140/90 mm Hg Adjunctive therapy: Permitted except ARBs, Permitted including ACE inhibitors, or CCBs CCBs, except ARBs or ACE inhibitors Primary outcome: Composite of doubling of Composite of doubling of SeCr, ESRD, or death SeCr, ESRD, or death Secondary outcomes: CV events CV events Mean Follow-up: 2.6 years 3.4 years RENAAL‡ IDNT†
Slide 91 : IDNT and RENAAL Trial Results Doubling of Creat, 16 (P=0.02) 20 (P=0.02) 23 (P=0.006) -4 (P=0.69) ESRD, or death Doubling of Creat 25 (P=0.006) 33 (P=0.003) 37 (P<0.001) -6 (P=0.60) ESRD 28 (P=0.002) 23 (P=0.07) 23 (P=0.07) 0 (P=0.99) Death -2 (P=0.88) 8 (P=0.57) -4 (P=0.8) 12 (P=0.4) CV Morbidity 10 (P=0.26) 9 (P=0.4) -3 (P=0.79) 12 (P=0.29) & Mortality Losartan vs control Irbesartan vs control Irbesartan vs amlodipine Amlodipine vs control RRR (%) Comparison of Major Endpoints RENAAL IDNT Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-860. Brenner B et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-869.
Slide 92 : Minority Populations In general, treatment similar for all demographic groups. Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle important barriers to BP control. Prevalence, severity of HTN increased in African Americans. African Americans demonstrate somewhat reduced BP responses to monotherapy with BBs, ACEIs, or ARBs compared to diuretics or CCBs. These differences usually eliminated by adding adequate doses of a diuretic.
Slide 93 : Left Ventricular Hypertrophy LVH is an independent risk factor that increases the risk of CVD. Regression of LVH occurs with aggressive BP management: weight loss, sodium restriction, and treatment with all classes of drugs except the direct vasodilators hydralazine and minoxidil.
Slide 94 : Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) PAD is equivalent in risk to ischemic heart disease. Any class of drugs can be used in most PAD patients. Other risk factors should be managed aggressively. Aspirin should be used.
Slide 95 : Hypertension in Older Persons More than two-thirds of people over 65 have HTN. This population has the lowest rates of BP control. Treatment, including those who with isolated systolic HTN, should follow same principles outlined for general care of HTN. Lower initial drug doses may be indicated to avoid symptoms; standard doses and multiple drugs will be needed to reach BP targets.
Slide 96 : Postural Hypotension Decrease in standing SBP >10 mmHg, when associated with dizziness/fainting, more frequent in older SBP patients with diabetes, taking diuretics, venodilators, and some psychotropic drugs. BP in these individuals should be monitored in the upright position. Avoid volume depletion and excessively rapid dose titration of drugs.
Slide 97 : Dementia Dementia and cognitive impairment occur more commonly in people with HTN. Reduced progression of cognitive impairment occurs with effective antihypertensive therapy.
Slide 98 : Hypertension in Women Oral contraceptives may increase BP, and BP should be checked regularly. In contrast, HRT does not raise BP. Development of HTN—consider other forms of contraception. Pregnant women with HTN should be followed carefully. Methyldopa, BBs, and vasodilators, preferred for the safety of the fetus. ACEI and ARBs contraindicated in pregnancy.
Slide 99 : Strategies for Improving Adherence to Regimens Clinician empathy increases patient trust, motivation, and adherence to therapy. Physicians should consider their patients’ cultural beliefs and individual attitudes in formulating therapy.
Slide 100 : Causes of Resistant Hypertension Improper BP measurement Excess sodium intake Inadequate diuretic therapy Medication Inadequate doses Drug actions and interactions (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), illicit drugs, sympathomimetics, oral contraceptives) Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and herbal supplements Excess alcohol intake Identifiable causes of HTN
Slide 101 : Public Health Challenges and Community Programs Public health approaches (e.g. reducing calories, saturated fat, and salt in processed foods and increasing community/school opportunities for physical activity) can achieve a downward shift in the distribution of a population’s BP, thus potentially reducing morbidity, mortality, and the lifetime risk of an individual’s becoming hypertensive. These public health approaches can provide an attractive opportunity to interrupt and prevent the continuing costly cycle of managing HTN and its complications.
Slide 102 : Supporting Materials Web site www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ For patients and the general public “Facts About the DASH Eating Plan” (Revised May 2003) “Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure” For health professionals Reference Card Slide Show
Slide 103 : Back-up Slides: Special Populations Racial and ethnic groups Children and adolescents Women Older persons
Slide 104 : Heart Myocardial hypertrophy Interstitial fibrosis Coronary Arteries Endothelial dysfunction with decreased release of nitric oxide Coronary constriction via release of norepinephrine Formation of oxygen-derived free radicals via NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidase Promotion of inflammatory response and plaque instability Promotion of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake Adapted from Opie and Gersh. Drugs for the Heart, 2001. Potential Pathogenic Properties of Angiotensin II
Slide 105 : Kidneys Increased intraglomerular pressure Increased protein leak Glomerular growth and fibrosis Increased sodium reabsorption Decreased renal blood flow Adrenal Glands Increased formation of aldosterone Coagulation System Increased fibrinogen Increased PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) relative to tissue plasminogen factor Adapted from Opie and Gersh. Drugs for the Heart, 2001. Potential Pathogenic Properties of Angiotensin II (continued)
Slide 106 : Summary of Chapter 3 (continued) Management strategies can improve adherence through the use of multidisciplinary teams. The reductions in cardiovascular events demonstrated in randomized controlled trials have important implications for managed care organizations. Management of hypertensive emergencies requires immediate action, whereas urgencies benefit from reducing blood pressure within a few hours.
Slide 107 : Drug Therapy A low dose of initial drug should be used, slowly titrating upward. Optimal formulation should provide 24-hour efficacy with once-daily dose with at least 50% of peak effect remaining at end of 24 hours. Combination therapies may provide additional efficacy with fewer adverse effects.
Slide 108 : Classes of Antihypertensive Drugs ACE inhibitors Adrenergic inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers Calcium antagonists Direct vasodilators Diuretics
Slide 109 : Combination Therapies ?-adrenergic blockers and diuretics ACE inhibitors and diuretics Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and diuretics Calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitors Other combinations
Slide 110 : Followup Followup within 1 to 2 months after initiating therapy. Recognize that high-risk patients often require high dose or combination therapies and shorter intervals between changes in medications. Consider reasons for lack of responsiveness if blood pressure is uncontrolled after reaching full dose. Consider reducing dose and number of agents after 1 year at or below goal.
Slide 111 : Guidelines for Improving Adherence to Therapy Be aware of signs of nonadherence. Establish goal of therapy. Encourage a positive attitude about achieving goals. Educate patients about the disease and therapy. Maintain contact with patients. Encourage lifestyle modifications. Keep care inexpensive and simple.
Slide 112 : Guidelines for Improving Adherence to Therapy (continued) Integrate therapy into daily routine. Prescribe long-acting drugs. Adjust therapy to minimize adverse effects. Continue to add drugs systematically to meet goal. Consider using nurse case management. Utilize other health professionals. Try a new approach if current regime is inadequate.
Slide 113 : African Americans Among the highest prevalence Early onset Delayed treatment Hispanics Generally low prevalence Lowest control rate in Mexican Americans Asian and Pacific Islanders May be more responsive to treatment than other groups American Indians Similar prevalence to general population High prevalence of diabetes and obesity Racial and Ethnic Groups
Slide 114 : Women Clinical trials have not demonstrated significant differences between men and women in treatment response and outcomes. Some women using oral contraceptives may have significant increases in blood pressure. High blood pressure is not a contraindication to hormone replacement therapy.
Slide 115 : Pregnant Women Chronic hypertension is high blood pressure present before pregnancy or diagnosed before the 20th week of gestation. Preeclampsia is increased blood pressure that occurs in pregnancy (generally after the 20th week) and is accompanied by edema, proteinuria, or both. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are contraindicated for pregnant women. Methyldopa is recommended for women diagnosed during pregnancy.
Slide 116 : These agents* may be used with chronic hypertension (DBP > 100 mm Hg) or acute hypertension (DBP > 105 mm Hg). Central ?-agonists Methyldopa is the drug of choice. ? -blockers and ?-?-blockers Atenolol, metoprolol, and labetalol appear safe and effective in late pregnancy. Calcium antagonists Potential synergism with magnesium sulfate may lead to precipitous hypotension. *Limited or no controlled trials in pregnant women. Antihypertensive Drugs Used in Pregnancy
Slide 117 : These agents* may be used with chronic hypertension (DBP > 100 mm Hg) or acute hypertension (DBP > 105). Diuretics Diuretics are recommended for chronic hypertension if prescribed before gestation, but they are not recommended for preeclampsia. Direct vasodilators Hydralazine is the parenteral drug of choice based on its long history of safety and efficacy. *Limited or no controlled trials in pregnant women. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are contraindicated. Antihypertensive Drugs Used in Pregnancy (continued)
Slide 118 : Older Persons Hypertension is common. SBP is a better predictor of events than DBP. Pseudohypertension and “white-coat hypertension” may indicate a need for readings outside the office. Primary hypertension is the most common cause, but common identifiable causes (e.g., renovascular hypertension) should be considered.
Slide 119 : Older Persons (continued) Therapy should begin with lifestyle modifications. Starting doses for drug therapy should be lower than those used in younger adults. Goal of therapy is the same (< 140/90 mm Hg), although an interim goal of SBP < 160 mm Hg may be necessary.
Slide 120 : Combined Results of Five Randomized Trials of Antihypertensive Treatment in the Elderly Stroke 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 78 288 T T = Treatment C = Control = Fatal events 120 438 C CHD 208 346 T 279 438 C Vascular deaths Total numbers of individuals affected 383 T 494 C All other deaths 34% (6) 2P <0.0001 % (SD) reduction in odds 19% (7) 2P <0.05 23% (6) 2P <0.001 –7% (8) 2P >0.5 344 362 T C
Slide 121 : SHEP STOP-HTN MRC SYST-EUR (1991) (Dahlöf, 1991) (1992) (1997) Mean BP 170/77 195/102 185/91 174/85 at entry (mm Hg) Effects of Therapy in Elderly Hypertensive Patients
Slide 122 : Double-blind Treatment Up to 5 weeks Screening/Enrollment Irbesartan 150 mg* Irbesartan 300 mg* Follow-up: 2 years Placebo/Control group* IRMA 2: Study Design 590 patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate 20–200 µg/min), and normal renal function * Adjunctive antihypertensive therapies (excluding ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers) could be added to all groups to help achieve equal blood pressure levels. Parving H-H, et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-878.
Slide 123 : Mechanism of Action of Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II AT2 receptor AT1 receptor Other AT receptors Bradykinin Inactive peptides Vasodilation Attenuate growth and disease progression ACE inhibitors Alternate pathways AIIRAs ? ?
Slide 124 : IRMA 2: Clinical Outcome Measures Primary outcome: Time to occurrence of overt proteinuria (AER > 200 ?g/min) Secondary outcomes: Change in AER Regression to normoalbuminuria (AER < 20 ?g/min) Change in creatinine clearance Clotting factors and lipid profile Parving H-H, et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-878.
Slide 125 : IDNT: Study Design 1,715 patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and proteinuria ³ 900 mg/day Double-blind Treatment Up to 5 weeks Screening/Enrollment Placebo/Control group* Amlodipine* Minimum follow-up: approximately 2 years (average follow-up 2.6 years) Irbesartan* * Adjunctive antihypertensive therapies (excluding ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and calcium channel blockers) could be added to all groups to help achieve equal blood pressure levels. Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-860.
Slide 126 : IDNT Clinical Outcome Measures Primary outcome is time to a composite endpoint consisting of: Doubling of baseline serum creatinine End-stage renal disease (dialysis, renal transplant, or serum creatinine ³ 6 mg/dL) Death (all-cause mortality) Secondary outcome is time to a composite endpoint of fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-860.
Slide 127 : Kidneys Increased intraglomerular pressure Increased protein leak Glomerular growth and fibrosis Increased sodium reabsorption Decreased renal blood flow Adapted from Opie and Gersh. Drugs for the Heart, 2001. Potential Pathogenic Properties of Angiotensin II
Slide 128 : Double-blind treatment 3 weeks Screening/enrollment Irbesartan 150 mg/d† Irbesartan 300 mg/d† Follow-up: 2 years Control† IRMA 2: Study Design 590 patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria,* and normal renal function Control defined as placebo. * Defined as albumin excretion rate 20-200 µg/min. † Adjunctive antihypertensive therapies (excluding ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and dihydropyridine CCBs) could be added to all groups to help achieve target BP levels. Adapted from Parving H-H et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870-878.
Slide 129 : IRMA 2: Clinical Outcome Measures Primary outcome: Time to occurrence of overt proteinuria (UAER >200 mg/min) Secondary outcomes: Change in UAER Regression to normoalbuminuria (UAER <20 mg/min) Change in creatinine clearance UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate. Parving H-H et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870-878.
Slide 130 : N Age (y) Male (%) BMI (kg/m2) BP (mm Hg) HbA1c (%) SeCr (mg/dL) Irbesartan 150 mg/d 195 58 66 29.9 153/90 7.3 1.0 Irbesartan 300 mg/d 194 57 71 30.0 153/91 7.1 1.1 Control 201 58 69 30.3 153/90 7.1 1.0 IRMA 2: Mean Baseline Characteristics UAER (µg/min) 58 53 55 Duration of diabetes (y) 9.5 9.2 10.4 Control defined as placebo. BMI, body mass index; SeCr, serum creatinine; UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin. Adapted from Parving H-H et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870-878.
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Slide 133 : IRMA 2: Adverse Events Cardiovascular events 18 (8.7)1 14 (6.9)2 9 (4.5)1 Serious AE 47 (22.8)1 32 (15.8)2 30 (15.0)2 Discontinuations due to AE 19 (9.2)2 18 (8.9)2 11 (5.5)2 Control group* (n=201) Irbesartan 150 mg* (n=195) Irbesartan 300 mg* (n=194) No. of Adverse Events (%) Control defined as placebo. * Adjunctive antihypertensive therapies (excluding ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and dihydropyridine CCBs) could be added to all groups to help achieve target BP levels. 1. Parving H-H, et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870-878. 2. Data on file, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Synthelabo, Inc.
Slide 134 : IRMA 2: Summary The renal benefits of irbesartan are independent of its BP-lowering effects1 70% risk reduction in the progression from microalbuminuria to overt diabetic nephropathy with irbesartan 300 mg/d vs control (P<.001)1 More frequent restoration of normoalbuminuria with irbesartan 300 mg/d vs control (P=.006)1 Irbesartan is safe & well tolerated2 Fewer nonfatal CV events, serious AEs, and discontinuations due to AEs in the irbesartan groups2 AE, adverse event. 1. Parving H-H et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870-878. 2. Data on file, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Synthelabo, Inc.
Slide 135 : IDNT: Study Design 1,715 patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, & proteinuria ³900 mg/d Double-blind treatment Up to 5 weeks Screening/enrollment Control* Amlodipine* Minimum follow-up: approximately 2 years (average follow-up, 2.6 years) Irbesartan* Control defined as placebo. * Adjunctive antihypertensive therapies (excluding ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs) could be added to all groups to help achieve target BP. Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851-860.
Slide 136 : IDNT: Clinical Outcome Measures Primary outcome: time to composite end point of Doubling of baseline SeCr ESRD (dialysis, renal transplant, or SeCr ³6 mg/dL) Death (all-cause mortality) Secondary outcome: time to composite end point of fatal or nonfatal CV events SeCr, serum creatinine; ESRD, end-stage renal disease. Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851-860.
Slide 137 : N Age (y) Male (%) Non-white (%) BMI (kg/m2) History of CV disease (%) Retinopathy (%) Irbesartan 579 59 65 24 31.0 27 69 Amlodipine 567 59 63 31 30.9 30 64 Control 569 58 71 28 30.5 29 67 IDNT: Mean Baseline Demographics Control defined as placebo. BMI, body mass index. Adapted from Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851-860. Duration of diabetes (y) 15 14 15
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