Identification of Living and Dead

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Slide 1 : Identification of the living and the dead Dr. Roman Pathak Dali University The handouts can be downloaded from http://bit.ly/MXOy3z
Slide 2 : General morgue procedures
Slide 3 : All bodies in a medical examiner department should have secure body tags labeled with the name and case number. If the identity of the individual is unknown, the term unknown or a tentative name (it must be stated accordingly) can be printed on the body tag along with the case number. The case number on the body must be checked prior to the performance of a postmortem examination.
Slide 4 : The inability of investigators to initially obtain a positive identification should not preclude performance of an autopsy, because valuable information contributing to the identification process may be obtained during an autopsy. Medical examiners should not release unidentified bodies from their custody (to the funeral home or others) until identity has been established. Regardless of whether a person is identified or not, facial photographs should be obtained from all bodies, as should two sets of fingerprints and body height and weight.
Slide 5 : When Identification is needed Proper identification of an individual is important not only for the family or friends of the deceased necessary for proper completion of a variety of documents (including the death certificate) and for the settlement of insurance claims and estate issues In some cases the ability to proceed with further case investigation may be dependent on the establishment of victim identification
Slide 6 : Primary identification criteria are fingerprints, DNA, dental and unique medical characteristics. Secondary criteria include features such as deformity, marks and scars, X-rays, personal effects and distinctive clothing
Slide 7 : General and unique body characteristics
Slide 8 : General characteristics Approximate age, sex, height, weight, hair color and cut, eye color, surgical/traumatic scars,
Slide 9 : Comparison of the individual with an antemortem photograph Direct observation by family or friends Tattoos Unique jewellery can aid in the identification process. If the body is charred, blackened rings or other jewelry can be easily missed if not specifically searched for.
Slide 10 : Fingerprints
Slide 11 : if ante-mortem fingerprints are available, are a preferred source for establishing a positive identification Fingerprints may be destroyed or appear unusable in charred and severely decomposed or mummified bodies in a certain number of decomposed cases, the skin can be slipped off the hand, placed over one’s own gloved hand or finger, and rolled onto a fingerprint card—often yielding a print of sufficient definition to provide a match The hands and fingers should be handled gently at the scene and in the morgue, and the slipped skin should be specifically recovered as intact as possible for fingerprinting. Even when mummified, a useful fingerprint can occasionally be obtained after soaking the digit in a soap-and-water solution to loosen the tissues. Then, the solution can be injected under the skin, or the skin of individual digits can be removed to assist in the creation of a In some instances, even a partial fingerprint or thumbprint may be sufficient to establish positive identification.
Slide 12 : Disposition of “unknown” bodies
Slide 13 : If identification of the body cannot be made, the body of the unknown person should eventually be buried—not cremated Before burial, the following should be obtained: Front and side photographs of the face; Photographs of tattoos or other unique features; Two complete sets of fingerprints; Full body x-rays (including skull with sinus views); Dental x-rays and charting; A sample of tissue taken for possible future DNA analysis (preferably blood, but tooth, bone, and scalp hair with roots are appropriate).
Slide 14 : Uniquae physical characteristics
Slide 15 : Focusing on certain particular physical characteristics can help establish a positive identification
Slide 16 : Examination of dental structures
Slide 17 : Pre-existing dental records and charts and radiographic images can be compared with examination of teeth of the deceased. The odontologist may also be asked to make dental charts of bodies whose identity remains unknown or unconfirmed despite a police investigation, so that, should dental information become available at a later date, the two sets of records may be then be compared. Neither a living individual nor a body can be identified simply by taking a dental chart – that chart has to be compared with, and found to match, a chart whose origins are known The great advantage of dental identification is that the teeth are the hardest and most resistant tissues in the body and can survive total decomposition and even severefire, short of actual cremation
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Slide 19 : Implanted surgical devices
Slide 20 : particularly if a serial number is imprinted on the device and medical records are available to match the number
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Slide 23 : Tattoos and body piercings
Slide 24 : Particularly useful tattoos include names of people. Some people make tattoos of their beloved The simple presence of a tattoo does not constitute identification and there has to be a comparison with the tattoos of a known individual Decomposing bodies should be examined carefully for tattoos, which may be rendered more visible when the superficial desquamated stratum corneum is removed The site and type of piercing should be noted and piercings can be used as part of visual identification or can be recovered for identification by relatives if visual identification is not possible
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Slide 26 : X-ray comparison
Slide 27 : X-rays can help locate or verify prostheses such as those of the hip X-rays of teeth can be particularly useful, because teeth and their fillings and restorations are extremely durable and are often preserved even when the surrounding tissue is destroyed
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Slide 31 : The unique characteristics of certain bones may be of value to the identification process. It has been suggested that a minimum of four points of radiographic congruency are needed to make a “positive match.
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Slide 34 : Photographic superimposition
Slide 35 : When skeletonized remains have been tentatively identified, and other forms of identification have failed to yield conclusive results, photographic superimposition can be used as a supportive method of identification. Investigators must obtain antemortem photographs (preferably smiling) of the decedent. Then, photographs of the skull must be prepared with the same orientation as that illustrated in the antemortem image. Then, using computer software (such as Adobe Photoshop®), the antemortem and postmortem photographs can be carefully superimposed (to scale), and careful attention paid to the synchrony of body contours and bony structure. Detailed examination and comparison of the anterior dentition (when available) may also allow for identification
Slide 36 : Forensic facial approximation (visage)
Slide 37 : When all attempts at human identification have failed, it may be appropriate to attempt forensic facial sculpture (three-dimensional facial approximation). In an attempt to create a list of possible victims, photographs of the sculpture can then be released to the public via the mass media, thereby directing detectives into new and possibly correct avenues ofinvestigation.
Slide 38 : Identity of decomposed or skeletalized remains
Slide 39 : Are the remains actually bones? Are the remains human? Am I dealing with one or more bodies (is there co-mingling of body parts)? What sex are the bones What is the age of the person? What is the height (stature) of the person? What is the race or ethnic origin? Can a personal identity be discovered?
Slide 40 : Do’s and Don’ts
Slide 41 : Do Consider all means available to positively identify a person. Look for serial numbers on implanted medical devices. Obtain samples for DNA, obtain full body x-rays, and chart and x-ray the teeth before burying an unidentified person; be sure to obtain photographs of the face and unique tattoos and also x-rays of the head that include sinus views. Use proper screening techniques to eliminate potential candidates before more specific means of identification are applied.
Slide 42 : DoN’T Be discouraged with slipping skin on a decomposed body—fingerprints are often still available. Forget that, in some cases, even a partial fingerprint or thumbprint may be enough to establish a positive identification. Forget about the potential usefulness of hospital x-rays, particularly those of the head and chest.
Slide 43 : Photo Summaries
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