Incretin Based Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Sanjay    on Feb 13, 2013 Says :

very nice
peter peter    on Sep 04, 2012 Says :

Very useful ppt for learner.
prince    on Dec 06, 2011 Says :

thanks 4 all efforts
subramhanian    on Mar 07, 2011 Says :

thank you for a very informative presentation
jack    on Apr 16, 2010 Says :

great my brother
farhad    on Jan 23, 2010 Says :

excellent update on novel outlook on T2DM :incretin mimetics are ,however, only a temporary measure prior to total beta-cell failure and institution of insulins. Due to the high cost of incretin mimetics we will tend to go for insulin quite early in the course of the disease.
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  Notes
 
 
Slide 1 : Incretin Based Therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus BY Prof. ADEL A EL-SAYED MD Prof. of Internal Medicine Sohag Faculty of Medicine SOHAG EGYPT
Slide 2 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Insulin resistance. Beta cell dysfunction.
Slide 3 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Insulin Resistance Insulin Resistance starts very early in the course of the disease. insulin resistance alone will not produce diabetes. If beta-cell function is normal, one can compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion.
Slide 4 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Beta cell defect all type 2 patients have at least a relative defect in both beta-cell function and mass. Function: in the (UKPDS), newly diagnosed people with diabetes had, on average, only about 50% of normal beta-cell function.[Diabetes. 1995;44:1249-1258 , Diab Res Clin Pract. 1998;40(suppl):S21-S25.] Mass: Autopsy studies comparing the volume of beta cells in nondiabetic individuals with that of people with diabetes found a 41% decrease in beta-cell mass among people with type 2 diabetes
Slide 5 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Beta cell defect IV glucose infusion to a nondiabetic individual results in a biphasic insulin response: - Immediate first-phase insulin response in the first few minutes. - Second-phase response, more prolonged.
Slide 6 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Beta cell defect This first-phase insulin response is absent in type 2 diabetic patients contributing to the excessive and prolonged glucose rise after a meal in those with diabetes Diabetologia. 2004;47(suppl 1):A279. Infusing insulin can only partially improve this condition.
Slide 7 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Other Factors Historically, hyperglycemia in diabetes has been viewed as a failure of insulin-mediated glucose disposal into muscle and adipose tissue. This looks to be an over simplification of a more complicated issue.
Slide 8 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Other Factors Two other factors: - Glucagon. - Gastric emptying.
Slide 9 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes The Glucagon Factor In response to a carbohydrate-containing meal, individuals without diabetes not only increase insulin secretion but also simultaneously decrease pancreatic alpha-cell glucagon secretion. The decrease in glucagon is associated with a decrease in hepatic glucose production, and along with the insulin response, results in a very modest increase in postprandial glucose. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:443-449.
Slide 10 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes The Glucagon Factor In contrast, the glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetics is not decreased, and may even be paradoxically increased. These insulin and glucagon abnormalities produce an excessive postprandial glucose excursion. more than 35 years ago, Roger Unger presciently stated, "One wonders if the development of a pharmacologic means of suppressing glucagon to appropriate levels would increase the effectiveness of available treatments for diabetes”. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:443-449.
Slide 11 :
Slide 12 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes The Gastric Emptying Factor Many factors can affect the rate of gastric emptying. studies suggest that all other factors being equal, most people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have accelerated gastric emptying compared to those without diabetes. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:A378.
Slide 13 : Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes One last observation In 1930 La Barre described a greater effect of oral rather parenteral glucose in increasing insulin secretion. In 1986 Nauck demonstrated that a glucose infusion graded to achieve plasma glucose levels identical o those achieved with oral glucose led to a insulin response that was only one quarter as great. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:492-498. Incretin hormones were discovered during researchers trials to find out interpretation to this phenomenon which has been called the incretin effect.
Slide 14 : What are incretins? Hormones produced by the gastrointestinal tract in response to incoming nutrients, and have important actions that contribute to glucose homeostasis. Two hormones: - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) . - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
Slide 15 : What are incretins? Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) Secreted by the K cells of the proximal gut. However, type 2 diabetes patients are resistant to its action (high blood level), making it a less attractive therapeutic target.
Slide 16 : What are incretins? Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) a 30-amino acid peptide secreted in response to the oral ingestion of nutrients by L cells, primarily in the ileum and colon. There are GLP-1 receptors in islet cells and in the central nervous system, among other places. GLP-1 is metabolized by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) .
Slide 17 : Actions of GLP-1 It enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Inhibits glucagon secretion and therefore hepatic glucose production. Slows gastric emptying. Increases satiety resulting in less food intake. Appears to stimulate insulin gene transcription and insulin synthesis.
Slide 18 : Actions of GLP-1 In animal studies it increases beta-cell mass by: - Decreasing beta cell apoptosis. - Stimulating the growth of new beta cells. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929-2940. ???... Long term benefit in reversing the progressive insulin deficiency.
Slide 19 : Actions of GLP-1 Important, as glucose levels approach the normal range, the GLP-1 effects on insulin stimulation and glucagon inhibition declined (glucose dependence - reduction of hypoglycemia. - therapeutic advantage) Diabetologia. 1993;36:741-744
Slide 20 :
Slide 21 : Actions of GLP-1 The Problem Unfortunately, GLP-1 is rapidly broken down by the DPP-IV enzyme (very short half-life in plasma - requires continuous IV infusion).
Slide 22 : The solution Two options: Incretin mimetics are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) antagonists inhibit the breakdown of GLP-1.
Slide 23 : Incretin mimetics Exenatide The first incretin-related therapy available for patients with type 2 diabetes. Naturally occurring peptide from the saliva of the Gila Monster. Has an approximate 50% amino acid homology with GLP-1. Binds to GLP-1 receptors and behaves as GLP-1.
Slide 24 :
Slide 25 : Incretin mimetics Exenatide Resistant to DPP-IV inactivation. Following injection, it is measurably present in plasma for up to 10 hours. Suitable for twice a day administration by subcutaneous injection. Regul Pept. 2004;117:77-88. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62:173-181.
Slide 26 :
Slide 27 : Clinical Trials of Exenatide Three pivotal randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials were conducted to support the approval of exenatide (the AMIGO studies). patients with type 2 diabetes who had not achieved adequate glycemic control despite treatment with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or the combination of metformin and a sulfonylurea. Patients were randomized to two well matched groups to receive either placebo or exenatide (5 and 10 (mcg) twice daily by subcutaneous injection).
Slide 28 :
Slide 29 : Weight Loss With Exenatide After adding exenatide: the group that was on metformin alone lost about 3 kg of body weight at 30 weeks, while the sulfonylurea group experienced a 1.5- to 2-kg weight reduction. Patients receiving metformin and a sulfonylurea in combination along with exenatide lost an average of 2 kg. Weight loss of up to 10 kg has been documented, but it varies from person to person. recently published findings have shown progressive weight loss continuing for 82 weeks. Patients convenience Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2628-2635, 2005;28:1092-1100, 2005;28:1083-1091. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2006; 8(4):436; ISSN: 4.
Slide 30 : Nausea With Exenatide was seen uniformly across the clinical trials, although most episodes were mild-to-moderate in intensity and generally intermittent. more frequent at the initiation of treatment and decreased over the course of several weeks.
Slide 31 : Incretin mimetics Recent Advances Liraglutide: Another GLP-1 analog with longer half-life, similar to exenatide with once-daily injection. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1608-1610 Long acting exenatide: Highly effective with once weekly injection. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1487-1493
Slide 32 : Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Antagonists The concept is to allow the endogenous GLP-1 to remain in circulation for a longer period. DPP-IV inhibitors are oral, rather than injectable. Weight neutral. associated with a low incidence of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal side effects. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2874-2880. Preliminary long-term studies suggest a durable effect on glycemia and improvement in some parameters of beta-cell function. (www.glucagon.com).
Slide 33 :
Slide 34 : Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Antagonists Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin Sitagliptin and vildagliptin are the first agents in this class to have received FDA approval. Incidence of adverse reactions was reported to be very low in a pooled safety data from 5141 patients. ADA meeting, Chicago, June 2007. They are indicated as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, thiazolidinediones and insulin. They look to be at least weight neutral.
Slide 35 : Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Antagonists Recent Advances During the last ADA meeting in Chicago, Illiois, 22-26 June 2007, fifty-five presentations addressed 12 different DPP-IV inhibitors and “… more will be seen during the coming months…” Some members seem particularly interesting as saxagliptin (? potent) and alogliptin (long acting… ? Better affecting fasting glucose).
Slide 36 : Summary Insulin resistance and relative insulin secretory defect are key elements of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 deficiency is another key component in diabetic pathophysiology contributing to: - insulin secretory deficit. - excess of plasma glucagon. - postprandial hyperglycemia.
Slide 37 : Summary Incretin mimetics offer a new approach in the management of type 2 diabetes. Exenatide is the first agent in this class and is administered via injection twice a day. In addition to improving glycemic control, exenatide has the unique benefit of causing weight loss that appears to be prolonged based on initial studies.
Slide 38 : Summary DPP-IV inhibitors raise GLP-1 levels 2- to 3-fold. They appear to be weight neutral and have a remarkable low incidence of adverse reactions. Sitagliptin ad vildagliptin are the first of the DPP-IV inhibitors to receive FDA approval. these promising new therapies should be undertaken in combination not only with existing oral antidiabetes medications as indicated, but also with other proven cardiovascular risk-reduction strategies, including lifestyle reduction and pharmacologic therapy, as needed.
Slide 39 :
Slide 40 : THANK YOU

 


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