Individual aspirations and depression

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INDIVIDUAL ASPIRATIONS AND DEPRESSION(Psychiatria Hungarica, 2007, 22/6, 443-455.) Ferenc Margitics Ph.D. Zsuzsa Pauwlik College of Nyíregyháza, Hungary Department of Psychology (margif@nyf.hu)

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The aim of our survey was to reveal the individual aspirations and personal strivings among college students which may play an important role as protective factors in the preservation of mental health, particularly regarding sub-clinical depressive syndromes.

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Sub-clinical depressive syndromes refer to a negative state regarding mood and emotion, which impair performance and quality of life significantly however it is not to be diagnosed as a disease. Setting up categories with the consideration of seriousness of depressive syndromes these correspond to moderate and medium seriousness of depression measured with diverse depression scales.

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Methods

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Sample 750 college students were involved in the survey and the completed questionnaires of 712 of them were assessable. (545 females and 167 males). Average age was: 19.8 (standard deviation 1.58, min: 18, max. 27), median value was 20 years of age.

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Methods Survey of actual depressive syndromes Abridged version of Beck’s Depression Inventory (Beck&Beck, 1972) The Inventory reveals the following syndromes of depression: sadness, hopelessness, failure, dissatisfaction, worthlessness, self-punishment, suicide thoughts, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, disorder of bodily image, incapacity for work, fatigue, lack of appetite.

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Investigation of personal strivings Questionnaire on Aspiration (Kasser&Ryan, 1996) Wealth Reputation Image (good look) Growth (personal advancement) Personal relations (rich human relationships) Society (social commitment) Health The aspirations enlisted in the questionnaire are to be judged by the studied person involved in the survey with the consideration of three aspects, with the usage of a seven-level Likert-type scale: Importance (How important is the target considered for You?) Probability (How probable it is that this will happen to You in the future?) Realization (How much have You achieved so far from the listed targets?)

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Results

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Occurrence of depressive syndromes

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Occurrence of personal strivings

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Evolution of Intrinsic personal strivings (importance)

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Evolution of Intrinsic personal strivings (probability)

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Evolution of Intrinsic personal strivings (realization)

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Evolution of extrinsic personal strivings(importance)

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Evolution of extrinsic personal strivings(probability)

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Evolution of extrinsic personal strivings(realization)

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(correlation between depressive syndromes and individual aspirations being most typical to college students) Personal strivings in the background of certain depressive syndromes

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Worthlessness (Rate of occurrence : 54,4%) Complete sample Social commitment: importance (t=4,169; p<0,000) Personal advancement: realization (t=-3,365; p<0,001) Personal advancement: probability (t=-3,192; p<0,001) Females Personal advancement: realization (t=-4,665; p<0,000) Social commitment: importance (t=4,075; p<0,000) Males Personal relationships: realization (t=-3,014; p<0,003) Personal advancement: probability (t=-2,630; p<0,004) Extrinsic aspirations: importance (t=2,454; p<0,015)

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Fatigue (Rate of occurrence : 49,9%) Complete sample Health: realization (t=-3,907; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: probability (t=-3,040; p<0,002) Image: importance (t=2,716; p<0,007) Females Intrinsic aspirations: probability (t=-5,101; p<0,000) Males Health: realization (t=-6,487; p<0,000) Extrinsic aspirations: importance (t=2,740; p<0,007)

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Indecisiveness (Rate of occurrence : 49,4%) Complete sample Social commitment: realization (t=-8,643; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=5,352; p<0,000) Females Personal advancement: probability (t=-7,124; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=3,899; p<0,000) Males Personal advancement: probability (t=-3,285; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=3,386; p<0,001) Personal relationships: realization (t=-2,286; p<0,024)

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Hopelessness (Rate of occurrence : 48,7%) Complete sample Personal advancement: probability (t=-7,343; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: realization (t=-4,360; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=3,594; p<0,000) Females Wealth: importance (t=4,567; p<0,000) Wealth: realization (t=-3,908; p<0,000) Personal advancement: realization (t=-3,678; p<0,000) Personal advancement: probability (t=-2,800; p<0,005) Males Intrinsic aspirations: probability (t=-7,094; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=4,467; p<0,000) Health: realization (t=-6,487; p<0,000) Health: probability (t=-4,347; p<0,000)

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Dissatisfaction (Rate of occurrence : 47,7%) Complete sample Personal advancement: probability (t=-6,200; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=3,614; p<0,000) Females Personal advancement: probability (t=-8,115; p<0,000) Intrinsic aspirations: importance (t=3,004; p<0,000) Males Personal advancement: probability (t=-3,841; p<0,000)

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Explained variance (%)

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Conclusions

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Conclusion 1. Examining the collective relationship existing between all the three categories of individual aspirations (importance, probability, realization) we found in the case of depression, that the depression showed a close negative correlation with the probability of personal advancement and personal relationships and health realization, while it indicated a positive correlation with the importance attributed to intrinsic aspirations, which collectively explain nearly one-fourth of the variance of depression.

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Conclusion 2. Individual depressive syndromes – regardless of sex – showed an extremely close relationship with nearly every probability and realization of individual aspirations, furthermore, a closer correlation was found with the intrinsic than with the extrinsic aspirations.

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Conclusion 3. The depressive syndromes found characteristic of college students (worthlessness, fatigue, indecisiveness, hopelessness, dissatisfaction) were in much closer relationship with the importance, probability and realization of aspirations in the case of males than in the case of females.

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Conclusion 4. From among the depressive syndromes characterising the college students we found the closest correlation with individual aspirations in the case of hopelessness in the case of most genders. While in the case of males the principally the importance and current dissatisfaction of intrinsic aspirations may lead to the feeling of hopelessness, in the case of females the feeling of hopelessness and the development thereof was found to be primarily in relation with extrinsic aspirations, namely the importance of wealth and the current lack thereof.

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Summary Summarizing the our findings in this survey we may state that also in the case of college students intrinsic aspirations as protective factors play an important role in the preservation of health, in the prevention of the development of sub-clinical depressive syndromes, consequently in the establishment and maintenance of a balanced psyche.

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