Infection Control in Dentistry

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Slide 1 : Infection Control in Dentistry Module 1 Microbiology Nancy Goodwin, CDA, RDH, MEd. All rights reserved
Slide 2 : Questions to think about….. How can you “break the chain” of infection in your office today? Are there areas of your daily practice where cross-contamination could be happening? How can you make changes that will prevent cross-contamination in your daily practice?
Slide 3 : Objectives After completing this Module, participant will be able to: Explain why an understanding of basic microbiology is essential for dental professionals. List the major groups of microorganisms. List the various modes of transmission of potential pathogens in the dental setting. List the components of the chain of infection and examples of each. Explain the role of the CDC, OSHA and OSAP as they relate to infection control in dentistry. Explain the difference between Standard Precautions and Universal Precautions. Explain the rationale for Standard Precautions Discuss the difference between bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal. Name the four ways that transmission can occur between persons or groups. Explain the difference between aerosols and spatter. List factors that contribute to a person becoming a susceptible host. List factors that contribute to the likelihood of infection development. Define cross contamination.
Slide 4 : Rationale An understanding of basic microbiology is essential for all dental personnel. This understanding will help you understand the need for careful compliance with recommended infection control protocols. The ultimate objective is to protect yourself, the office staff, and your patients from illness.
Slide 5 : Types of Microorganisms Pathogenic (causing disease) Potentially Pathogenic Non-Pathogenic
Slide 6 : Some infections only occur in individuals who are immunocompromised because their immune system is unable to fight the potential pathogen. These are called opportunistic infections.
Slide 7 : Major Groups of Microorganisms Bacteria Algae Protozoa Fungi Viruses Since a number of diseases can be transmitted during routine dental care, it is important to understand the principles behind the infection control recommendations of the CDC and OSAP.
Slide 8 : Bacteria One celled microorganisms Can live independently Classified according to their shape Some are harmless, some are disease-producing (pathogenic) Some types of bacteria form a capsule that protects the cell; Bacteria with this protective coating are particularly virulent, or disease causing.
Slide 9 : Bacteria (continued) Under some conditions, some bacteria (and some fungi) change into spores, which are the most resistant form of life known. Tetanus is an example of a disease caused by a spore-forming bacillus. Different bacteria require different things to grow (oxygen, nutrients, temperature)
Slide 10 : Bacteria (continued) The goal in an infection control program is to use agents and techniques to prevent growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic), and/or to kill bacteria (bacteriocidal), spores (sporicidal), viruses (virucidal). Some products are specific for a specific pathogen (tuberculocidal) The most sure way to kill bacteria or other microorganisms in the shortest amount of time is to expose them to the high temperatures that are found in approved methods of sterilization.
Slide 11 : Viruses Viruses cause many of the diseases in human beings, but can also infect animals and plants. Examples of diseases caused by viruses: Measles Mumps Colds Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Slide 12 : Viruses (continued) Examples of oral diseases caused by viruses: Herpes infections Coxsackievirus (hand, foot and mouth disease) Oral lesions from measles Blood-borne diseases caused by viruses Hepatitis B and C Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS)
Slide 13 : Viruses (Continued) Viruses cannot live or multiply outside of a host Virus infections can be latent (no symptoms), chronic (long-lasting), or slow. Slow persistent infections occur when the virus replicates slowly, causing damage that is seen only after a number of years. (Hepatitis C is an example of this type) Latent infections are of particular interest to dental professionals because many patients may not realize that they are infectious.
Slide 14 : Algae Range from single-cell to multiple-cell organisms Are found in fresh and salt water habitats Most do not produce human disease
Slide 15 : Protozoa One cell organisms Found in fresh water and salt water habitats and in soil. A small number of protozoa cause intestinal infections Others can infect the blood, lungs, liver, or brain Protozoa are not a substantial concern in the dental setting Pneumocystis Carnii is an opportunistic protozoan infection.
Slide 16 : Fungi Defined as plants that lack chlorophyll Includes mushrooms, yeasts and molds Oral Candidiasis is the most common yeast infection of the oral cavity. Candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans Candida is considered an opportunistic infection, in other words, it usually occurs in someone who’s immune system is not functioning normally.
Slide 17 : How are diseases transmitted in the dental setting? From the patient to the dental worker From the dental worker to the patient From one patient to another From the dental office to the community
Slide 18 : Transmission can be… Direct- from an infected person to another person who is not immune, Indirect- from contact with objects that are contaminated, like surfaces or instruments, Droplet-from spray or splatter contact with mucous membranes, or contact with aerosols (stay suspended in the air for longer periods of time)
Slide 19 : Aerosols Aerosols may be mists (fine, stay in the air) or spatter (larger and easily seen). They may contain airborne or bloodborne pathogens. The aerosol contents and the concentration of pathogens determines their potential danger.
Slide 20 : The Infectious Process “Chain of Infection” Infectious agent
Slide 21 : The Chain of Infection Components Infectious Agent-any potential pathogen (bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.) Reservoir-where the pathogen lives (a person, on equipment, surfaces, instruments, etc) Portal of exit- how the infectious agent leaves its reservoir and reach a new host. Transmission-direct, indirect, airborne, droplet Portal of entry- how the infectious agent gets into the new host (bloodstream, mucous membrane, etc.) Susceptible host-someone who is not immune
Slide 22 : The chain of infection example Hepatitis B The bloodstream Bleeding wound Direct via needle stick Puncture wound Unvaccinated Dental worker Infectious agent
Slide 23 : What alters normal defenses, making a person a susceptible host? Abnormal Physical Conditions Systemic Diseases (diabetes, HIV infection, etc) Drug Therapy (chemotherapy, steroids, etc.) Stress Prosthesis and Transplants (joint or organ replacements) Poor nutrition
Slide 24 : What factors influence the development of infection? The number of microorganisms and duration of exposure (how many and for how long?) Virulence of organisms (ability to cause disease; pathogenic properties) Immune status of the host (body defenses)
Slide 25 : The goal of an infection control program is to “break the chain” of infection by consistently practicing protocols which would prevent the infectious agent from moving to one host to another and preventing cross-contamination. **Application to Practice**
Slide 26 : Cross-Contamination Defined: The spread of microorganisms from one source to another. http://www.openxsky.deviantart.com/gallery/ Isabel L.
Slide 27 : Clinical Focus How can you “break the chain” of infection in your office today? Are there areas of your daily practice where cross-contamination could be happening? How can you make changes that will prevent cross-contamination in your daily practice?
Slide 28 : To protect health care workers and patients, the CDC has made recommendations which have been continually updated since 1985. Universal Precautions were released first, Standard Precautions were released in 2003.
Slide 29 : Universal Precautions Universal Precautions were recommended to protect exposure from blood and other body fluids Standard Precautions are the latest recommendations, although Universal Precautions are still used regarding the OSHA bloodborne pathogen’s standard.
Slide 30 : Standard Precautions Apply not only to contact with blood but also to All body fluids, secretions and excretions except sweat Non-intact skin Mucous membranes These guidelines were developed as a response to the understanding that other body fluids besides blood are potentially infectious, and that anyone with patient contact could be at risk.
Slide 31 : What is the role of the CDC? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is considered the foremost public health agency in the United States. The CDC tracks disease trends across the country and investigates disease outbreaks. The CDC also reviews current scientific information and makes recommendations based on that information to protect the health of the population
Slide 32 : Centers for Disease Control In 2003, the CDC released the most current recommendations: “Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings,2003”. CDC recommendations not only are intended to protect the dental healthcare worker, but the patients they treat. The CDC does not have the authority to make laws, but does make recommendations from which some laws are made.
Slide 33 : Link Check out this CDC link and review slide 1 through 10 in their PowerPoint as review: http://www.cdc.gov/OralHealth/infectioncontrol/guidelines/ppt.htm
Slide 34 : What is the role of OSAP? The Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures (OSAP) is a group of dental workers, scientists, teachers, and product manufacturers and distributors. They work together to provide infection control and safety information to dental personnel around the world. OSAP is considered the leading resource for infection control and safety information in dentistry. From Policy to Practice: OSAP’s Guide to the Guidelines, 2004, p. i.
Slide 35 : Links Please check out the following links: http://www.osap.org/ http://www.osap.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=250
Slide 36 : OSAP is dentistry’s Leading resource for infection control information. bookmark this link on your computer for quick reference.
Slide 37 : Clinical Focus If you have a question about infection control, which website would you consult? To maintain up to date on all the latest recommendations, consider setting an office computer to OSAP’s home page—then you will be the “first to know” about any of the new changes
Slide 38 : What is the role of OSHA? The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor. It is a regulatory agency and has the authority to make and enforce laws. Additionally, they can impose fines. OSHA’s responsibility is to ensure the safety and health of American workers. Consequently, OSHA makes and enforces protective standards that employers must follow to offer a safe work place for their employees.
Slide 39 : OSHA OSHA developed the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, which became effective in 1992 It is intended to protect workers from exposure to blood-borne pathogens in the workplace. OSHA requires that a copy of this standard be available in every dental office and clinic.
Slide 40 : Bloodborne Pathogens Standard The standard requires an employer to protect employees from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) in the workplace and to provide recommended care if such an exposure does occur. This protection includes the provision of appropriate personal protective equipment, such as mask, eyewear, and gloves. Failure to comply can result in fines and penalties for the employer.
Slide 41 : One last link…. The Journal of the American Dental Association provides links to excellent articles and resources in the area of infection control. Read the following article to discover the evolution of our infection control standards. http://jada.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/134/5/569
Slide 42 : Congratulations, you are done with Module One!

 


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