Mandatory Neonatal Male Circumcision in SubSaharan Africa Medical and Ethical Analysis

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Slide 1 : Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiac care What evidence exists? What can we do about it? A presentation prepared by The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Slide 2 : Why the urgency to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care?
Slide 3 : Cardiac disease Infant mortality Cancer screening and management Diabetes HIV Infections/AIDS Immunizations Minority populations are disproportionately affected
Slide 4 : “Disparities in the health care delivered to racial and ethnic minorities are real and are associated with worse outcomes in many cases, which is unacceptable.” -- Alan Nelson, retired physician, former president of the American Medical Association and chair of the committee that wrote the Institute of Medicine report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Disparities in Health Care IOM Report, 2002: Assessing the Quality of Minority Health Care
Slide 5 : Evidence shows disparities exist Institute of Medicine Report, 2002 The evidence is “overwhelming” Disparities exist even when insurance status, income, age, and severity of conditions are comparable Minorities are less likely than whites to receive needed services Disparities contribute to worse outcomes in many cases Differences in treating heart disease, cancer, and HIV infection partly contribute to higher death rates for minorities Source: Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare, March 2002.
Slide 6 : Several studies show racial/ethnic differences in the appropriate delivery of diagnostic tests and treatment for: Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Kidney Dialysis, Transplant HIV/AIDS Asthma Diabetes National Academy of Sciences, Web Extra, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Documenting the Disparities.
Slide 7 : Heart Disease
Slide 8 : Leading Causes of Death, by Race/Ethnicity, 2000 CVD = Cerebrovascular disease DATA: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 16, September 16, 2002. SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care, June 2003. All ages Ages 25-44
Slide 9 : Heart Disease Death Rates for Adults 25-64, by Income, Race and Gender, 1979-1989 NOTE: These data are the most recently available by race and income. DATA: Health, United States, 1998, Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook, Data Table for Figure 27. SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care, June 2003. Deaths per 100,000 person years Under $10,000 Over $15,000
Slide 10 : Cardiac Care: The Weight of the Evidence
Slide 11 : Looked at key cardiac interventions Cardiac catheterization Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Thrombolytic therapy Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Drug therapy
Slide 12 : Rate of Cardiac Interventions Among Medicare Patients Hospitalized with an Acute Myocardial Infarction, by Race/Ethnicity, 1994-1995 *Difference is statistically significant after adjustment. NOTE: Odds ratios are adjusted for age, sex, insurance, health status, and disease severity. DATA: Ford et al. 2000. SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care, June 2003. Odds ratio < 1.0 indicates group is less likely to undergo procedure compared to white patients Equally likely as white patients
Slide 13 : Rates of Hospitalization for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery among Medicare Beneficiaries, 1993 *Rates were adjusted for age and sex to the total Medicare population. DATA: Gornick, ME et al., 1996 Annual Income per 1000 beneficiaries per year* <$13,001 $13,001- $16,300 $16,301- $20,500 >$20,500
Slide 14 : Cardiac Procedure Use in Chronic Renal Disease Patients, by Race and Gender, 1986-1992 *Difference is statistically significant after adjustment. NOTE: Odds ratios are adjusted for age, health insurance, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical factors. DATA: Daumit and Powe, 2001. SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care, June 2003. Odds ratio < 1.0 indicates group is less likely to undergo procedure compared to white men Equally likely as white men
Slide 15 : Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery by Race/Ethnicity and Insurance Status, 1986-1988 *Difference is statistically significant after adjustment. NOTE: Odds ratios are adjusted for age, sex, number of co-morbidities, admission type, and hospital procedure volume. DATA: Carlisle et al., 1997. SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care, June 2003. Equally likely as white patients Odds ratio < 1.0 indicates group is less likely to undergo procedure compared to white patients
Slide 16 : Figure 8 Coronary Artery Surgery Rates by Race and Disease Severity, 1984-1992 Source: Peterson, et al., 1997. Percent Receiving Bypass Surgery Mild Disease Severe Disease
Slide 17 : Criteria for evaluating the strength of the evidence A “strong study”: Had well-defined parameters Had internal validity Measured and controlled for critical variables A “less strong” study: Did not control for critical variables Had design flaws that potentially undermined the validity of the evidence
Slide 18 : Study Results 81 of the 158 studies produced from the literature search met the inclusion criteria and comprised the body of evidence Most of the studies investigated more than one cardiac procedure or treatment 44 of the 81 studies are methodologically strong
Slide 19 : 56 of the 81 studies include data collected Between 1991 and 2001 51 of the 81 studies are based on clinical data 54 of the 81 studies compare only African Americans and whites Study Results (Continued)
Slide 20 : Evidence of racial/ethnic differences in cardiac care 1984-2001 68 studies find a racial/ethnic difference in care (84%) 11 studies find no racial/ethnic difference in care (14%) 2 studies find racial/ethnic minority group more likely than whites to receive appropriate care (2%) Total= 81 studies
Slide 21 : Evidence of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiac Care, 1984-2001 68 studies find racial/ethnic differences in care (84%) 11 studies find no racial/ethnic differences in care (14%) 2 studies find the racial/ethnic minority group more likely to receive appropriate care (2%) All Studies (n=81) Strong Studies (n=44) Strong Clinical Studies (n=24) 39 studies find racial/ethnic differences in care (89%) 20 studies find racial/ethnic differences in care (83%) 4 studies find no racial/ethnic differences in care (9%) 1 study finds the racial/ethnic minority group more likely to receive appropriate care (2%) 4 studies find no racial/ethnic differences in care (17%) SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation/American College of Cardiology Foundation, Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiac Care:The Weight of the Evidence, 2002.
Slide 22 : Example: Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG)
Slide 23 : Evidence of Racial/Ethnic Differences in CABG Rates, 1984-2001‡ Total= 23 Total= 21 Number of Studies All Studies Total= 44 Clinical Data Administrative Data Found all minority groups MORE likely to receive CABG Found all minority groups AS likely to receive CABG Found at least one minority group LESS likely to receive CABG 1 ‡Evidence from studies published from 1984-2001. (This figure includes Oberman & Cutter, 1984.)
Slide 24 : Odds Ratios for Selected Strong Studies
Slide 25 : ‘Weight of the Evidence’ suggests… African Americans are less likely than whites to receive catheterization, angioplasty, bypass surgery and thrombolytic therapy. These racial/ethnic differences in care remain after adjustment for clinical and socioeconomic factors, such as heart disease severity and insurance.
Slide 26 : Potential Sources of Disparities in Care Patient-Level Patient preferences Treatment refusal Care seeking behaviors and attitudes Clinical appropriateness of care Health Care Systems-Level Lack of interpretation and translation services Time pressures on physicians Geographic availability of health care institutions Changes in the financing and delivery of health care services Provider-Level Bias Clinical uncertainty Beliefs/stereotypes about the behavior or health of minority patients Source: Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare, March 2002.
Slide 27 : Why the Difference?
Slide 28 : Objectives of the Initiative To bring together leading health care organizations to focus attention on the issue To increase awareness of racial/ethnic disparities in health care among physicians To spark discussion among providers and solicit their input into causes and solutions To continue the drive toward investigation and elimination of cardiac disparities
Slide 29 : Ad Campaign Ad appeared in leading medical publications: Journal of the American Medical Association Today in Cardiology Journal of the American College of Cardiology Circulation – The Journal of the American Heart Association
Slide 30 : Website Site visitors may do the following: Review the evidence Submit thoughts Link to guidelines Read recent news stories Learn about upcoming events Find related resources
Slide 31 : Next steps Continue to increase awareness of the issue Promote dialogue about potential causes (patient, physician, health system factors) Research causes and potential solutions Evaluation of results Share with other experts
Slide 32 : Get to know the evidence Join the national discourse on health disparities with a genuine determination to eliminate them Support innovative research to identify underlying determinants Review your own practice and procedures to ensure that existing cardiac care guidelines are being followed What can you do?
Slide 33 : www.kff.org/whythedifference

 


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