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Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease .

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jullian check on Sep 01, 2009 Says :

wow! i love this presentation. it has helped me a lot in my tri sem project on metabolic syndrome. It has thoroughly explained the definition of metabolic syndrome and its diagnosis. i wanted to know more about metabolic syndrome diet. Can you pls provide me that info?

Jason Peterson on Sep 01, 2009 Says :

this presentation on Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease is a praiseworthy interconnection of the three most common ailments diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular health. metabolic syndrome and diabetes have a strong link between them. i have been looking for a metabolic syndrome ppt but never expected it to be so explanatory. the most bothersome of all the issues is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children. i wanted to see more about that part in this presentation.

Dr.Gautam Saha on Aug 22, 2009 Says :

Fine

vikram on Jun 16, 2009 Says :

antonella spica on Jun 03, 2009 Says :

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Notes

Show Notes

Slide 1 :

1 Chapter 1 Basic Anatomy Chris Rorden Coordinates Introduction to the nervous system

Slide 2 :

2 SLP and Neuroscience Speech-Language Pathology Study of developmental and acquired disorders of human cognition, language and speech Complete neurolinguistic assessments and management

Slide 3 :

3 Neuroscience Neurology Neurosurgery Neuroanatomy Neuroradiology Neuroembryology Neurophysiology Neuropathology

Slide 4 :

4 The Nervouse System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain + Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Spinal Nerves Cranial Nerves All nerves to muscles and sensory reception sites

Slide 5 :

5 Terms for Fiber Tracts Fiber tracts like the internet – sending information across distances Bundle - a group of fibers Column - a pillar of fibers Fasciculus - a small bundle Funiculus - a cord; a cord of nerve fibers in a nerve trunk Lemniscus - a ribbon of fibers Tract - a large group of fibers, a pathway

Slide 6 :

6 Organization CNS Relays incoming and outgoing messages Integrates Information Higher mental functions (language, cognition) Regulates

Slide 7 :

7 The two hemispheres Bilateral Anatomical Symmetry Connected by Corpus Callosum Unilateral Functional Differences Little lateralization of function at birth Gradual development of specialization Left hemisphere is dominant for language and handedness Right hemisphere is dominant for music, emotion, and spatial processing

Slide 8 :

8 Laterality and Function Sensory information projects to opposite hemisphere Object felt in right hand, Information processed by left hemisphere Pain felt in left foot, Information processed by right hemisphere Motor functions are also contralateral Motor Functions Sensory Functions

Slide 9 :

9 Types of Brain Tissue Gray Matter: The neurons or cells which have specialized neurologic functions (motor or sensory) White Matter: Axons which form pathways for conducting different types of information.

Slide 10 :

10 Distinct Pathways Connections are not random – specific. organization of connections. Carry information from peripheral body parts to specific areas of the brain - project to particular cortex (outside bark) of the brain Each peripheral body part has a receptive area of the brain responsible for processing or receiving input Example: visual cortex

Slide 11 :

11 Plasticity of the Brain Brain injury is permanent, but individuals can show recovery. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize and modify functions and adapt to internal and external changes Important for learning Important for rehabilitation Younger brains tend to be more plastic

Slide 12 :

12 How do we learn about brain function? Classically, examine deficits following brain injury, infer that damaged brain area is required for task. Today, most studies of brain function utilize neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or PET(Positron Emission Tomography) – These studies usually focus on normal brains

Slide 13 :

13 MRI scan This image is in radiological orientation (left is shown on right). Images can also be in neurological orientation (left on left) These structural scans can show abnormalities and injury. L

Slide 14 :

14 CT Scans CT scans use X-Rays to see inside body. Excellent for bone Often first scan in acute care (e.g. unconscious patient can not tell us if they have pacemaker, cochlear implant, or other contraindications to MRI).

Slide 15 :

15 PET/SPECT Images Measures of blood flow can help determine brain metabolism. PET: Inject radioactively labeled glucose. Note: reduced uptake in posterior region.

Slide 16 :

16 Combining anatomy and metabolism Anatomical scans (T2 MRI) have excellent spatial resolution. Metabolic scans can identify abnormalities (e.g. tumor). Combining takes advantage of complementary strengths

Slide 17 :

17 Relative Coordinates On the globe we talk about North, South, East and West. Lets explore the coordinates for the brain.

Slide 18 :

18 Orientation Human anatomy described as if person is standing If person is lying down, we would still say the head is superior to feet.

Slide 19 :

19 Orientation - animals Cranialhead Rostralbeak Caudaltail Dorsalback Ventralbelly Rostral Caudal Ventral Dorsal

Slide 20 :

20 Coordinates – Dorsal Ventral Human dorsal/ventral and rostral/caudal differ for brain and spine. Head/Foot, Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior not ambiguous. Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Ventral

Slide 21 :

21 Coordinates – Human Human dorsal/ventral and rostral/caudal differ for brain and spine. Head/Foot, Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior not ambiguous. C Posterior Anterior R C R C R

Slide 22 :

22 Anatomy – Relative Directions Posterior <> Anterior Posterior <> Anterior Ventral <> Dorsal lateral < medial > lateral Anterior/Posterior aka Rostral/Caudal Ventral/Dorsal aka Inferior/Superior aka Foot/Head

Slide 23 :

23 Coordinates - Anatomy 3 Common Views of Brain: Coronal (head on) Sagittal (profile) Axial (bird’s eye), aka Transverse. The book calls this ‘Horizontal’ but it is not horizontal when we are lying in a scanner.

Slide 24 :

24 Coronal Corona: ‘crown’ a coronal plane is parallel to crown that passes from ear to ear Coronal cut creates anterior, posterior portions

Slide 25 :

25 Transverse Transverse: perpendicular to the long axis These cuts are also referred to as Axial. Example: cucumber slices are transverse to long axis.

Slide 26 :

26 Sagittal Sagittal – ‘arrow like’ Sagittal cut divides object into left and right sagittal suture looks like an arrow. top view

Slide 27 :

27 Sagittal and Midsagittal A Sagittal slice down the midline is called the ‘midsagittal’ view. midsagittal sagittal

Slide 28 :

28 Oblique Slices Slices that are not cut parallel to an orthogonal plane are called ‘oblique’. The oblique blue slice is neither Coronal nor Axial. Ax Cor Oblique

Slide 29 :

29 Distance from midline Medial – near sagittal midlineOptic chiasm C medial of eyes Lateral – far from sag. MidlineEyes are lateral of optic chiasm Ipsilateral – same sideDamage to A will cause blindness in ipsilateral eye Contralateral –different sideDamage to D will lead to a contralateral field cut. Note: after brain injury (lesions) we talk about contralesional and ipsilesionalDamage to visual cortex G leads to problems with contralesional vision.

Slide 30 :

30 Relative positions Distance From Body Proximal, Central: near center of body Think ‘proximity’ Shoulders are proximal parts of arms Distal,peripheral: away from body Think distant Fingers are distal parts of the arms Distance from Surface Superficial, external: near surface The bump bruised superficial tissue. Profound, deep: far from surface The car crash injured deep organs.

Slide 31 :

31 Movements Abduction Adduction Supination Pronation Flexion Extension

Slide 32 :

32 Types of cells in the brain Neuron: Cell which is responsible for receiving, transmitting and synthesizing information cell body: contains organelles for metabolism and a nucleus Glial Cells: Support cells for Neurons (CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, radial glial; PNS : Satellite and Schwann cells)

Slide 33 :

33 Neuron Types Neurons come in different types – some only communicate locally, while others have very long axons that communicate with distant regions.

Slide 34 :

34 Glial Cells Glial cells have crucial functions www.mult-sclerosis.org/glialcells.html Repair, maintenance and cleaning. They produce new myelin when it become damaged, lay down scar tissue, and remove dead cells and other debris. Physical support. They have hairlike filaments which hold the neurons in place and allow the central nervous system to retain its structural integrity. CNS development. Help migration of neurons. Chemical regulation. Supply chemicals such as potassium and calcium and regulate neurotransmitter levels. Ten times as many glial cells as neurons Glial cells involved with many tumours (gliomas)

Slide 35 :

35 The Central Nervous System Telencephalon (Cerebrum) Cortex Basal Ganglia Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus) Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Rhombencephalon Cerebellum Pons Medulla

Slide 36 :

36 Deep Structures Basal Ganglia – Initiates movements Caudate nucleus, Putamen,Globus pallidus Diencephalon Thalamus: Relay from body to cortex Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Regulation (e.g. hormone secretion)

Slide 37 :

37 Deep Structures Basal Ganglia – Initiates movements Caudate nucleus(red) Putamen (green) Globus pallidus (blue) Diencephalon Thalamus: (yellow) Hypothalamus: (not shown)

Slide 38 :

38 Brain Stem Midbrain Early auditory/visual processing Dopamine for movement control CN III and IV emerge Pons CN V, VI, VII VIII Medulla Oblongata Pyramidal decussation: nerves from left cross to right side and vise versa CN IX, X, XI, XII

Slide 39 :

39 The cortex Cortex – ‘Bark’ shell of brain – mostly gray matter ~80% of human brain ~20% of squirrel brain

Slide 40 :

40 Cortical folding Cortical folding increases surface area. Ridges are called Gyri (singular = Gyrus) Greek gyros = circle, hence a coil of brain cortex Valleys are called Sulci (singular = Sulcus). Latin = a groove. Gyri Sulci

Slide 41 :

41 Gray and White Matter The outer surface of the cortex is gray matter: lots of interconnected neurons (like cities) Underneath is the white matter – the highways connecting regions.

Slide 42 :

42 Functional Classifications Some neurons transmit general information Pain and Temperature Originate in surface structures Other neurons transmit specialized information Specialized receptors Hearing and vision Somatic: Skeletal muscles Visceral: Refer to internal vital body organs Can be either Afferent: Sensory Efferent: Motor

Slide 43 :

43 Cortical layers Neurons are in six layers I. Molecular layer II. External granular layer III. External pyramidal layer IV. Internal granular layer V.Internal pyramidal layer VI. Fusiform layer Functions Superficial layers (I-III): inter-cortical connections IV: input from thalamus V,VI: outputs to leave cortex

Slide 44 :

44 The big folds The folds of your brain are like a fingerprint – there are a few general patterns, with individual variability. Two main folds Central SulcusFissure of RolandoRolandic sulcus Lateral sulcusSylvian fissure

Slide 45 :

45 Describing cortex location Brodmann Areas (BAs, 1909) Appearance of cortex under microscope Not necessarily function Arbitrary numbers are hard to remember Some are crucial for a speech pathologist: 44 Broca’s Area 22 Wernicke’s Area

Slide 46 :

46 Brodmann Areas (medial slice) Note that gray matter is located in the longitudinal fissure (between the two hemispheres)

Slide 47 :

47 Cortical Names Much of cortex referred to by combination of coordinate+lobe+gyrus E.G. Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) Middle Temporal Gyrus(MTG) Lateral Occipital Gyrus (LOG)

Slide 48 :

48 Cortical names Tip of an object called a ‘pole’ Frontal Pole Temporal Pole

Slide 49 :

49 Sulci names Many of sulci referred to by combination of coordinate+lobe+sulcus Superior temporal sulcus (STS) Inferior frontal sulcus (IFS) Precentral and postcentral sulciare just anterior and posterior to the central sulcus.

Slide 50 :

50 Brain function Anatomy is interested with the structure of an organism. Physiology is interested in the function of the structure. We are still learning about brain function Modern maps of brain function are primitive…

Slide 51 :

51 Brain function Much of the primate cortex devoted to vision. In some monkeys, up to 50% of neocortex is devoted to vision.

Slide 52 :

52 Brain function Two striking features of human brain Lots of cortex ‘left over’ (yellow)not devoted to specific task – we are flexible Not much of the cortex is solely devoted to language.

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