RADIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

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Slide 1 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 RADIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING CHAPTER 20
Slide 2 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging Overview X-Rays High-energy electromagnetic waves Travel in straight lines Shorter wave length than visible light Able to penetrate solid materials of varying densities Capable of exposing a photographic plate (x-ray film) Much the same way as a camera exposes film
Slide 3 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3 X-Rays (continued) Used to visualize internal organs and structures of body Provide valuable means for verifying presence of illness or disease Radiology Study of the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of x-rays Radiology & Diagnostic Imaging Overview (continued)
Slide 4 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4 PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES RADIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
Slide 5 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5 Pronounced (an-jee-oh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee) (CAR-dee-ak kath-eh-ter-ih-ZAY-shun) Defined A specialized diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is introduced into a large vein or artery, usually of an arm or a leg, and is then threaded through the circulatory system to the heart Angiocardiography(Cardiac Catheterization)
Slide 6 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 6 Angiography Pronounced (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) Defined A series of x-ray films allowing visualization of internal structures after the introduction of a radiopaque substance
Slide 7 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 7 Cerebral Angiography Pronounced (seh-REE-bral an-jee-OG-rah-fee) (SER-eh-bral an-jee-OG-rah-fee) Defined Injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel (carotid, femoral, or brachial) to make visualization of the cerebral vascular system via x-ray possible
Slide 8 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 8 Renal Angiography Pronounced (REE-nal an-jee-OG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels (blood vessels of the kidney) after injection of a contrast medium
Slide 9 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 9 Arteriography Pronounced (ar-tee-ree-OG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray visualization of arteries following the introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium into the bloodstream through a specific vessel by way of a catheter
Slide 10 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 10 Arthrography Pronounced (ar-THROG-rah-fee) Defined The process of taking x-rays of the inside of a joint, after a contrast medium has been injected into the joint Contrast medium makes the inside of the joint visible
Slide 11 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 11 Barium Enema (BE) Pronounced (BAH-ree-um EN-eh-mah) Defined Infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum Contrast medium is retained in lower intestinal tract while x-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract
Slide 12 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12 Barium Swallow(Upper GI Series) Pronounced (BAH-ree-um SWALL-oh) Defined Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows X-rays are taken as barium sulfate flows into the upper GI tract
Slide 13 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 13 Bronchography Pronounced (brong-KOG-rah-fee) Defined Bronchial examination via x-ray following the coating of the bronchi with a radiopaque substance
Slide 14 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 14 Cholangiography(Intravenous) Pronounced (koh-lan-jee-OG-rah-fee) (in-trah-VEE-nus) Defined Visualizing and outlining of the major bile ducts following an intravenous injection of a contrast medium
Slide 15 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 15 Cholangiography(Percutaneous Transhepatic) Pronounced (koh-lan-jee-OG-rah-fee) (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik) Defined Examination of the bile duct structure using a needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium Also known as PTC or PTHC
Slide 16 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 16 Pronounced (koh-lan-jee-oh-pan-kree-ah-TOG-rah-fee) (en-doh-SKOP-ic RET-roh-grayd) Defined Procedure that examines the size of and the filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope Cholangiopancreatography(Endoscopic Retrograde)
Slide 17 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 17 Cholecystography(Oral) Pronounced (koh-lee-sis-TOG-rah-fee) Defined Visualization of the gallbladder through x-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye
Slide 18 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 18 (Pronounced) (sin-eh-ray-dee-OG-rah-fee) Defined Diagnostic technique combining the techniques of fluoroscopy, radiography, and cinematography by filming the images that develop on a fluorescent screen with a movie camera Cineradiography
Slide 19 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 19 Pronounced (kom-PEW-ted AK-see-al toh-MOG-rah-fee) Defined A painless, noninvasive diagnostic x-ray procedure using ionizing radiation that produces a cross-sectional image of the body Computed Axial Tomography (CT, CAT)
Slide 20 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 20 Computed Axial Tomography (continued)
Slide 21 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 21 Voiding Cystourethrography Pronounced (VOYD-ing sis-toh-yoo-ree-THROG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast material
Slide 22 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 22 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Pronounced (DIJ-ih-tal sub-TRAK-shun an-jee-OG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray images of blood vessels only, appearing without any background, due to the use of a computerized digital video subtraction process
Slide 23 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 23 Echocardiography Pronounced (ek-oh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee) Defined Diagnostic procedure for studying the structure and motion of the heart via ultrasound Useful in evaluating structural and functional changes in a variety of heart disorders
Slide 24 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 24 Fluoroscopy Pronounced (floor-or-OSS-koh-pee) Defined Radiological technique used to examine the function of an organ or a body part using a fluoroscope
Slide 25 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 25 Pronounced (his-ter-oh-sal-ping-OG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray assessment of the uterus and the fallopian tubes by injecting a contrast material into these structures Hysterosalpingography
Slide 26 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 26 Lymphangiography Pronounced (lim-fan-jee-OG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray assessment of the lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in the hand or foot
Slide 27 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 27 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pronounced (mag-NET-ik REZ-oh-nans IM-ij-ing) Defined A noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation
Slide 28 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 28 Mammography Pronounced (mam-OG-rah-fee) Defined Process of taking x-rays of the soft tissue of the breast to detect various benign and/or malignant growths before they can be felt
Slide 29 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 29 Myelography Pronounced (my-eh-LOG-rah-fee) Defined Introduction of contrast medium into the lumbar subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture to visualize the spinal cord and vertebral canal through x-ray examination
Slide 30 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 30 Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET) Pronunciation (POZ-ih-tron ee-MISH-un toh-MOG-rah-fee) Defined Computerized radiographic images of various body structures produced when radioactive substances are inhaled or injected
Slide 31 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 31 Pronounced (pye-eh-LOG-rah-fee) (in-trah-VEE-nus) Defined Radiographic procedure that provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Also known as intravenous pyelogram or excretory urogram Pyelography(Intravenous) (IVP)
Slide 32 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 32 Radiation Therapy Pronounced (ray-dee-AY-shun THAIR-ah-pee) Defined The delivery of ionizing radiation to accomplish one or more of the following: Destruction of tumor cells Reduction of tumor size Decrease in pain Relief of obstruction To slow or stop the spread of cancer cells
Slide 33 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 33 Radiation Therapy (continued) Radiation Therapy (continued) Destroys rapidly multiplying cells regardless if they are cancerous Goal of therapy is to reach maximum tumor control with no, or minimum, normal tissue damage May be delivered by teletherapy (external) May be delivered by brachytherapy (internal)
Slide 34 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 34 Radioactive Iodine Uptake Pronounced (ray-dee-oh-AK-tiv EYE-oh-dine UP-tayk) Defined An examination that determines the position, size, shape, and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of radionuclear scanning Image of the thyroid is recorded and visualized after a radioactive substance is given
Slide 35 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 35 Pronounced (SCAN-ing) Defined Scanning of specific parts of the body with a gamma camera after an intravenous injection of a radionuclide material, which is absorbed by the area to be studied The image of the area being studied is displayed by recording the concentration or collection of a radioactive substance specifically drawn to that area Scanning
Slide 36 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 36 Scanning (continued) Bone Scan Involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide material absorbed by bone tissue Used to detect spread of cancer to the bones, osteomyelitis, and other destructive changes in the bones
Slide 37 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 37 Scanning (continued) Brain Scan Nuclear scanning of cranial contents 2 hours after an intravenous injection of radioisotopes Useful in diagnosing abnormal findings such as an acute cerebral infarction, cerebral neoplasm, cerebral hemorrhage, brain abscess, aneurysms, cerebral thrombosis, hematomas, hydrocephalus, cancer metastasis to the brain, and bleeds
Slide 38 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 38 Scanning (continued) Liver Scan Noninvasive scanning technique that enables the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the liver after the IV injection of a radioactive compound Useful in detecting cysts, abscesses, tumors, granulomas, or diffuse infiltrative processes affecting the liver
Slide 39 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 39 Scanning (continued) Lung Scan Visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with of has inhaled radioactive material
Slide 40 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 40 Scanning (continued) Spleen Scan Noninvasive scanning technique that enables the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the spleen after injection of radioactive red blood cells Useful in detecting damage, tumors, and other problems
Slide 41 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 41 Small Bowel Follow-through Pronounced (Small Bowel Follow-Through) Defined Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe the progression of the barium through the small intestines
Slide 42 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 42 Tomography Pronounced (toh-MOG-rah-fee) Defined X-ray technique used to construct a detailed cross-section, at a predetermined depth, of a tissue structure Useful in identifying space-occupying lesions in the liver, brain, pancreas, and gallbladder
Slide 43 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 43 Pronounced (ull-trah-son-OG-rah-fee) Defined Procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient’s skin Sound waves are reflected back into the transducer and are interpreted by a computer that converts waves to a composite picture form Ultrasonography(Ultrasound)
Slide 44 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 44 Ultrasonography (continued) Abdominal Ultrasound Use of reflected sound waves to provide reliable visualization of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and ureters
Slide 45 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 45 Ultrasonography (continued) Pelvic Ultrasound Noninvasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to examine the abdomen and pelvis Can be used to locate a pelvic mass, an ectopic pregnancy, or an intrauterine device, and to inspect and assess the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
Slide 46 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 46 Renal Ultrasound Noninvasive ultrasound of the kidneys that is useful in distinguishing between fluid-filled cysts and solid masses, detecting renal calculi, identifying obstructions, and evaluating transplanted kidneys Thyroid Echogram (Ultrasound) Ultrasound examination important in distinguishing solid thyroid nodules from cystic nodules Ultrasonography (continued)
Slide 47 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 47 Venography Pronounced (vee-NOG-rah-fee) Defined Technique used to prepare an x-ray image of veins, which have been injected with a contrast medium that is radiopaque Also called phlebography
Slide 48 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 48 Xeroradiography Pronounced (zee-roh-ray-dee-OG-rah-fee) Defined A diagnostic x-ray technique used to produce an electrical image rather than a chemical image Uses less radiation and exposure time than ordinary x-rays
Slide 49 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 49 X-Rays Pronounced (ECKS-rays) Defined The use of high-energy electromagnetic waves, passing through the body onto a photographic film, to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapy
Slide 50 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 50 X-Rays (continued) Chest X-Ray Visualization of the interior of the chest Provides diagnostic information about the following: Tumors, inflammation, accumulation of fluid, accumulation of air, bone fractures, diaphragmatic hernia, size of heart, calcification, placement of centrally located intravenous access devices
Slide 51 : Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 51 Chest X-Ray Views Posteroanterior (PA) X-rays pass through the posterior (back) to the anterior (front) Lateral X-rays pass through the person’s side Oblique X-rays are taken from different angles Decubitus X-rays are taken with person in recumbent lateral position – aids in localizing fluid X-Rays (continued)

 


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