The Digestive System

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Slide 1 :

1 The Digestive System

Slide 2 :

2 Digestion Processing of food Types Mechanical (physical) Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix Chemical Catabolic reactions Enzymatic hydrolysis Carbohydrate Protein Lipid

Slide 3 :

3 Digestion Phases Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption Further digestion

Slide 4 :

4 Digestive System Organization Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract (Alimentary canal) Tube within a tube Direct link/path between organs Structures Mouth Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Duedenum Jejenum kIleum Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon

Slide 5 :

5 Digestive System Organization Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus Accessory structures Not in tube path Organs Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder Pancreas

Slide 6 :

6 Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat

Slide 7 :

7 Human Deciduous and Permanent Teeth

Slide 8 :

8 Dorsal Surface of the Tongue

Slide 9 :

9 The Major Salivary Glands

Slide 10 :

10 Deglutition (swallowing) Sequence Voluntary stage Push food to back of mouth Pharyngeal stage Raise Soft palate Larynx + hyoid Tongue to soft palate Esophageal stage Contract pharyngeal muscles Open esophagus Start peristalsis

Slide 11 :

11 Deglutition (swallowing) Control Nerves Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Brain stem Deglutition center Medulla oblongata Pons Disorders Dysphagia Aphagia

Slide 12 :

12 Esophagus Usually collapsed (closed) 3 constrictions Aortic arch Left primary bronchus Diaphragm Surrounded by SNS plexus Blood vessels Functions Secrete mucous Transport food

Slide 13 :

13 Peristalsis and Segmentation

Slide 14 :

14 Esophagus Sphincters Upper Lower Abnormalities Achalasia Atresia Hernia Barret’s esophagus Esophageal varices

Slide 15 :

15 Stomach Usually “J” shaped Left side, anterior to the spleen Mucous membrane G cells – make gastrin Goblet cells – make mucous Gastric pit – Oxyntic gland – Parietal cells – Make HCl Chief cells – Zymogenic cells Pepsin Gastric lipase

Slide 16 :

16 Anatomy of the Stomach

Slide 17 :

17 Stomach 3 muscle layers Oblique Circular Longitudinal Regions Cardiac sphincter Fundus Antrum (pylorus) Pyloric sphincter Vascular Inner surface thrown into folds – Rugae Contains enzymes that work best at pH 1-2

Slide 18 :

18 Stomach Functions Mix food Reservoir Start digestion of Protein Nucleic acids Fats Activates some enzymes Destroy some bacteria Makes intrinsic factor – B 12 absorption Destroys some bacteria Absorbs Alcohol Water Lipophilic acid B 12

Slide 19 :

19 Small Intestine Extends from pyloric sphincter ? ileocecal valve Regions Duodenum Jejenum Ileum Movements Segmentation Peristalsis

Slide 20 :

20 Small Intestine Histology Intestinal glands – Intestinal enzymes Duodenal glands – Alkaline mucous Paneth cells – Lysozyme Microvilli Lacteals Plica circularis Smooth muscle Lymphatic tissue – GALT Vascular

Slide 21 :

21 Small Intestine Absorbs 80% ingested water Electrolytes Vitamins Minerals Carbonates Active/facilitated transport Monosaccharides Proteins Di-/tripeptides Amino acids Lipids Monoglycerides Fatty acids Micelles Chylomicrons

Slide 22 :

22 Structure of the Villi in the Small Intestine

Slide 23 :

23 Small Intestine Secretes digestive enzymes Peptidases Amino- Di- Tri- Sucrases Maltase Lactase Saccharidases Di- Tri- Lipase Nucleases

Slide 24 :

24 Small Intestine Control Requires pancreatic enzymes & bile to complete digestion

Slide 25 :

25 Large Intestine Extends from ileocecal valve to anus Regions Cecum – Appendix Colon Ascending Transverse Descending Rectum Anal canal

Slide 26 :

26 Anatomy of the Large Intestine

Slide 27 :

27 Large Intestine Histology No villi No permanent circular folds Smooth muscle Taeniae coli Haustra Epiploic appendages Otherwise like rest of Gl tract

Slide 28 :

28 Large Intestine Functions Mechanical digestion Haustral churning Peristalsis Reflexes Gastroileal Gastrocolic Chemical digestion – Bacterial digestion Ferment carbohydrates Protein/amino acid breakdown Absorbs More water Vitamins B K Concentrate/eliminate wastes

Slide 29 :

29 Feces Formation and Defecation Chyme dehydrated to form feces Feces composition Water Inorganic salts Epithelial cells Bacteria Byproducts of digestion Defecation Peristalsis pushes feces into rectum Rectal walls stretch Control Parasympathetic Voluntary

Slide 30 :

30 Liver Location R. Hypochondrium Epigastric region 4 Lobes Left Quadrate Caudate Right Each lobe has lobules – Contains hepatocytes – Surround sinusoids – Feed into central vein

Slide 31 :

31 Liver Functions Makes bile Detergent – emulsifies fats Release promoted by: Vagus n. CCK Secretin Contains Water Bile salts Bile pigments Electrolytes Cholesterol Lecithin

Slide 32 :

32 Liver Detoxifies/removes Drugs Alcohol Stores Gycolgen Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Fe and other minerals Cholesterol Activates vitamin D Fetal RBC production Phagocytosis Metabolizes absorbed food molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Slide 33 :

33 Liver Dual blood supply Hepatic portal vein Direct input from small intestine Hepatic artery/vein Direct links to heart

Slide 34 :

34 The Duodenum and Related Organs

Slide 35 :

35 The Organs and Positions in the Abdominal Cavity

Slide 36 :

36 Structures of the Alimentary Canal

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Achalasia; Atresia; Hernia; Barret’s esophagus; Esophageal varices. 15. Stomach. Usually “J” shaped more Achalasia; Atresia; Hernia; Barret’s esophagus; Esophageal varices. 15. Stomach. Usually “J” shaped; Left side, anterior to the spleen; Mucous membrane less
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