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CARDIAC MEDICATIONS

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CARDIAC MEDICATIONS NPN 200 FALL 2006 MEDICAL SURGICAL I

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Classifications of Medications Cardiac Glycosides Antianginal Antidysrhythmics Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Diuretics Anticoagulants Analgesics

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Cardiac Glycosides/Cardiotonics Used to increase the efficiency of the heart and improve the contraction of the heart muscle Slows the heart rate by decreasing the conduction through the SA and AV node (negative inotropic effect) and increases the force of contraction of the cardiac muscle (positive inotropic effect) Treats CHF or heart failure, A-fib, A flutter, PAT

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Cardiac Glycosides/Cardiotonics, cont. Digoxin (Lanoxin) most common drug used- given as a loading dose and followed by maintenance dose Digoxin toxicity may occur (s/s – nausea, muscle weakness, dysrhythmias) digoxin level greater than 2 Digibind may be given Count apical pulse before giving. If less than 60-hold dose and contact doctor Monitor K levels Teach patient to check pulse before giving Primacor and Inocor – used if no response to digoxin, diuretics, or vasodilators

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Antianginal Drugs Calcium channel blockers Vasodilators Beta-adrenergic blockers

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Calcium Channel Blockers Cardiac and vascular smooth muscles contraction depends upon movement of the extracellular calcium across the walls of the cell. Calcium channel blockers inhibit the movement of calcium across the cellular membranes. Examples: Norvasc, diltiazem (Cardizem), nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat), verapamil (Calan), Nursing interventions- Vitals, EKG, watch for irregular HR, dizziness, edema The effects of these drugs include: Dilation of coronary arteries Dilation of peripheral arteries

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Vasodilators Relaxes smooth muscle layer of the blood vessels, which allows for dilation of the vessel and more blood flow Decreases preload, afterload, and myocardial O2 consumption Assessment: chest pain, vitals, headache, dizziness, vertigo Examples: Nitrates: Nitroglycerin, Isordil (isosorbide), Nitro-Bid, Imdur

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Beta Adrenergic Blockers Decrease activity of the sympathetic nervous system on certain tissue Decrease the excitability of the heart, decrease cardiac workload, and O2 consumption, and provide stabilization of dysrhythmias Used for hypertension, and certain cardiac arrhythmias

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Beta Blockers, cont. Examples: Tenormin, Betapace, Brevibloc, Corgard, Lopressor, Toprol-XL, Inderal Nursing Interventions Vitals Monitor weight Teach patient to get up slowly and avoid hot showers, not to d/c drug without doctors orders Inderal can cause bronchial constriction

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Antidysrhythmics /Antiarrhythmics Used to prevent and treat cardiac arrhythmias, control tachycardia, and angina PVC’S. PAT, VT AF, PAC’S Work by: Slowing the rate of the impulse of conduction Depressing automaticity Increases resistance to premature stimulation

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4 Classes of Antidysrhythmics Class I - membrane stabilizing effect EX. Quinidine, procainamide, Norpace, Lidocaine, Tambocor, Tonocard, and Rythmol Uses – V-Tach, PAT/flutter, PAC’s Adverse effects – dry mouth, dizziness, headache, faintness, blurred vision, hypotension, N/V, Class II – decrease myocardial tissue response to stimulus from epinephrine/norepinephrine, includes the beta blockers EX. Brevibloc, Inderal Uses – ventricular arrhythmias, hypertension, angina, MI Adverse effects – dizziness, H/A, hypotension, bradycardia, weakness, depression, angina

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4 Classes of Antidysrhythmics, cont. Class III – prolongs repolarization and refractory period and increases refractory period for V-Fib EX. Bretylol, Amiodarone, Corvert and Tikosyn Uses – ventricular arrhythmias, conversion of A-Fib to NSR Adverse effects – H/A, fever, malaise, hypotension, chest pain, bradycardia, CHF, N/V Class IV – calcium channel blockers which inhibit the movement of calcium across the cell membrane EX verapamil, Diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine Uses – SVT, rapid ventricular rate in A-Fib /Flutter Adverse effects – constipation, dizziness, fatigue, N/V, H/A, peripheral edema, rash, hypotension, bradycardia, AV block

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ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) Treats hypertension, CHF, used to treat post MI Work to increase the blood flow to the renal system Block aldosterone which prevents sodium and H2O retention Lower B/P and blood volume Reduces afterload

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ACE Inhibitors, cont. EX: captopril, Vasotec, Monopril, Prinivil, Accupril, Adverse effects: angina, tachycardia, CHF, hypotension, rash, gastric ulcers, liver injury, renal insufficiency, urinary frequency, neutropenia, hemolytic anemias

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Analgesics Used for chest pain Usually titrated until relief is obtained Common drugs used: Nitroglycerin vasodilator Morphine sulfate – used when no relief obtained from NTG Relieves pain, reduces anxiety and decreases workload of the heart Usually given IV If patient cannot take MS, may use Demerol, but is not as effective

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Diuretics Increases the secretion of H2O, wastes and electrolytes from the body Used in heart failure, fluid overload, endocrine diseases, and kidney and liver disease Work in the tubules of the kidney nephrons Types Loop – Bumex, Lasix, Edecrin, Demadex Osmotic - mannitol Potassium-sparing – Aldactone, Dyrenium Thiazides – Diuril, HCTZ, HydroDIURIL, Lozol, Zaroxolyn Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors – no cardiac drugs, Diamox used in glaucoma or in ocular edema with CHF

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Diuretics, cont. Adverse effects Hypotension Electrolyte imbalances Hyperkalemia from potassium sparing diuretics Most likely with inadequate intake of fluid, elderly, diabetics, renal disease Nausea and vomiting with loop diuretics

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Anticoagulates Used to prevent the formation and extension of a thrombus Used in A-Fib Prevention of deep vein thrombus Post MI to prevent embolization

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Anticoagulates, cont. Coumadin Used for long term therapy for DVT’s and A-Fib, PE, post MI, post valve replacement Monitor PT and INR Watch for drug interactions (ASA, NSAIDS, beta blockers) Heparin used for acute therapy – PE, venous thrombosis, A-Fib, some stroke patients, coronary occlusion Monitor PTT Watch for drug interactions Protamine sulfate on hand Low molecular weight heparin Fragmin, Lovenox, Arixtra Usually not followed with lab work as closely as the others

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Thrombolytic Drugs Used to dissolve blood clots and reopen blood vessels Must be watched closely for bleeding EX: Activase (TPA), Retrovase, Betapace, Streptokinase More affective if used in the 1st 6 hours after an MI Can be given IV or directly into the coronary arteries Works on fibrin in the clotting mechanism ReoPro Works on the platelet component May be given IV during a PTCA may be used in conjunction with TPA Used with heparin and ASA with unstable angina or MI

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Antiplatelet Agents Used after an MI or stroke ASA Plavix Persantine Ticlid ReoPro

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Antihyperlipidemics Used to treat increased cholesterol and triglyceride Used when diet, exercise and weight loss has failed May hear them referred to as “statins” EX: Lipitor, Zocor, Lescol, Lopid, Mevacor, Pravachol, Crestor, Niacin, Questran

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Emergency Drugs Atropine – increases heart rate and cardiac output, used in bradycardia, and asystole Dopamine – increases cardiac output B/P and renal blood flow (in lower doses), used in shock from MI, open heart surgery, renal failure and C

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Used for long term therapy for DVT’s and A-Fib, PE, post MI,used for acute therapy – PE, venous thr more Used for long term therapy for DVT’s and A-Fib, PE, post MI,used for acute therapy – PE, venous thrombosis, A-Fib, some stroke patients, ... less