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HEMATURIA

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HEMATURIA

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Hematuria Transient phenomenon of little significance Sign of serious renal disease

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Classification of hematuria Macroscopic - Microscopic Symptomatic - Symptomless Transient - Persistent

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Normal erythrocyte excretion rate * 0 – 425.000/12 h. ( mean – 65.750 ) T.Addis; J.of Clin Invest, 1926 Upper limit in children * 500.000 - 2.000.000/24h.

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Detection & quantification of hematuria Screening test ( dipsticks ) - 0.02-0.03 mg/dL of Hb, myoglobin - ~5-20 RBC/mm³ Semiquantitative estimation - centrifugation of 10-15 ml of urine - resuspention of sediment in 1 ml of residual urine - high-power microscopy Counting chamber - the number of cells in 1 microliter of unspun urine

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Microscopic Hematuria Definition > 3-5 RBC/HPF > 5 RBC/mm³ > 8000 RBC/ml

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Glomerular versus extraglomerular bleeding

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Causes of Hematuria Kidney disease Lesions along the urinary tract Conditions unrelated to kidney and urinary tract

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Hematuria not representing kidney or urinary tract disorder Following exercise Febrile disorders Gastroenteritis with dehydration Contamination from external genitalia

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Renal causes of Hematuria Glomerular - Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis - IgA Nephropathy - Hereditary Nephritis ( Alport syndrome) - Benign Recurrent or Persistent Hematuria ( Thin Membrane Disease ) 1.Sporadic 2.Familial - Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis - Crescentic Glomerulonephritis - Lupus Nephritis - Nephritis of Henoch-Shönlein Purpura - Focal Glomerulosclerosis - Hemolityc-Uremic Syndrome

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Acute nephritic syndrome Hematuria Proteinuria Reduced renal function Edema Hypertension

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Renal causes of Hematuria Non-glomerular - Infection ( Pyelonephritis ) - Interstitial Nephritis - Metabolic ( Uric Acid, Nephrocalcinosis ) - Renal Malformation ( Cystic Kidney ) - Tumors ( Wilm’s, Acute Leukemia) - Idiopatic Hypercalciuria - Trauma

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Causes of urinary tract related Hematuria Infection Urolithiasis Obstruction ( UPJ Stenosis ) Trauma Drugs ( Cyclophosphamide ) Tumors

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Isolated Hematuria (microscopic) No other urinary abnormalities No renal insufficiency No evidence for systemic disease Incidence ( school-aged children ) 4-6% - single urine examination 0.5-1% - repeated testing over 6-12 months

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Etiologies of isolated Hematuria Glomerular - Benign Recurrent or Persistent Hematuria 1.Sporadic 2.Familial - IgA Nephropathy - Alport syndrome - PSAGN Non-glomerular - Idiopathic Hypercalciuria - Cystic Kidneys - Urinary Tract obstruction - Tumors - Trauma

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Hematuria with familial association Glomerular - Benign Familial Hematuria - Alport syndrome Non-glomerular - Idiopathic Hypercalciuria - Polycystic Kidney Disease - Urolithiasis - Tumors

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Idiopathic Hypercalciuria Definition: Calcium excretion > 4 mg/kg/day Urinary Ca/Creatinine > 0.2 Possible mechanism of hematuria: microcrystals damaging the tubular or mucosal epithelia. Resolution of hematuria with anticalciuric therapy

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Alport syndrome - hereditary disorder of GBM X-linked dominant Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant

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Renal disease Macro /Microhematuria Proteinuria Nephrotic syndrome Hypertension Renal failure- males Progressive or juvenile – 20 y Nonprogressive – 40 y

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Hearing defects Sensorineural bilateral Never congenital Boys- 85% . Girls – 18% < 15y Progression of hearing loss parallels renal impairment

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Diagnosis of Alport syndrome Hematuria with or without proteinuria Hypertension Renal failure Ocular defects – anterior lenticonus Familial hematuria Sensorineural hearing loss Progression to renal failure occurring in at least one affected subject

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ALPORT’S SYNDROME

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Familial benign essential hematuria Familial hematuria without proteinuria and without progression to renal failure or hearing defect Diffuse attenuation of the GBM is usually considered the hallmark of the condition It’s non pathognomonic of FBEH

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Continue Autosomal dominant trait Normal antigenicity of the GBM

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Thin basement membrane nephropathy Hematuria Proteinuria Attenuation of the GBM In children may be Alport In adults m/p benign disorder

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HEREDITARY NEPHROPATHY Benign Familial Hematuria Alport Syndrome Overlap of histological findings The prognosis appears to be depend more on the degree of clinical expression in other members of the family and less on the histological findings

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Evaluation of Hematuria History Detailed review of family history hematuria proteinuria renal insufficiency deafness stones Precipitating factors infection exercise Abdominal pain HSP hydronephrosis pyelonephritis urolithiasis

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Evaluation of Hematuria Physical Examination Growth failure Hypertension Pallor Edema Rash Abdomen: search for a mass or tenderness External genitalia: bleeding infection trauma

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Work-up of a child with Hematuria Phase I: Urinalysis ( sediment examination ) RBC’s morphology Urine culture BUN, Creatinine, Proteins, Electrolytes Antibodies against strept. & other antigens Complement, ANF, Immunoglobulins Renal US Urinalysis of 1st degree relatives 24h urine collection: Ca, Creat.,Protein, UA Phase II: Hearing test Cystoscopy Renal biopsy

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Isolated hematuria The child needs to be monitored for the appearance of new clinical signs: hypertension proteinuria changes in the pattern or severity of hematuria If there is no change in the first year,observation at yearly intervals is adequate

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Isolated hematuria Possible outcome Disappearance of hematuria Hematuria will persist - follow-up should be continued The hematuria will no longer be “isolated” - further investigation

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Hematuria Transient phenomenon of little significance Sign of serious renal disease

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