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Stem Cells, Cloning Bioethics

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Slide 1 :

Stem Cells, Cloning & Bioethics Bioethics as a basis for decision-making Bellevue High School March 23, 2005 Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT www.asmalldoseof.org

Slide 2 :

Why Bioethics?

Slide 3 :

Current Bioethical Issues Check the local news paper Stem cells (state, national, international) Genetically Engineered Organisms Knowing your genes In vetro fertilization – choosing your child's genes and characteristics Global warming Chemicals exposures – human health Environmental health

Slide 4 :

"A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." - Aldo Leopold, 1949, A Sand County Almanac The First Bioethicist ---------- 1887 - 1948 ---------- Aldo Leopold

Slide 5 :

“An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence” Aldo Leopold Limits on Freedom

Slide 6 :

“The Commons” The Tragedy of the Commons By Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

Slide 7 :

Technical Solutions “It is our considered professional judgment that this dilemma has no technical solution.” The Tragedy of the Commons By Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

Slide 8 :

Problems – Solutions? Lead and kids Fetal alcohol syndrome Nuclear disarmament Bioterrorism Ocean Fisheries Persistent chemicals The Commons

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"Biology combined with diverse humanistic knowledge forging a science that sets a system of medical and environmental priorities for acceptable survival.“ Global Bioethics (1988) Bioethics -------- 1911 - 2001 -------- Van Rensselaer Potter

Slide 10 :

1860’s - Scientific method in medicine, Gregor Mendel - Penicillin discovered – widely used WWII 1920’s - Lead in gasoline, lead in paint - 30 states had sterilization laws on books - Tuskegee syphilis study initiated - Nuremberg - The Doctors Trial - First open heart surgery & Chlorpromazine - Structure of DNA – Watson & Crick Ethics and Science

Slide 11 :

60’s - Thalidomide, mercury, chronic hemodialysis, amniocentesis, informed consent, IRB’s 70’s - Hastings Center founded, bioethics defined, Tuskegee noticed, Belmont Report (3 principles), Genentech Inc. founded, awareness of FAS, sensitivity of developing CNS 80’s - Recombinant microorganism could be patented, lead is harmful to developing brain 90’s - molecular biology, sequencing of human genome (other species), Jurassic Park 00’s - US stem cell research restricted 03 - Human cloned? Ethics and Science

Slide 12 :

Question?? Who were the most influential people of the past century? James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of DNA (and Rosalind Franklin).

Slide 13 :

ELSI Ethical Legal / Regulatory Social Implications or Issues What is unsaid or missing? Science Values Politics

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Topics Why this is topic important DNA to RNA to Proteins Stem Cells Cloning – Therapeutic and Human

Slide 15 :

Stem Cell History 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos 1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers 2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research 2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research 2003?? - California ok stem cell research 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding 2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells

Slide 16 :

Importance Disease Diabetes, Spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease Genetic based Disease Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s

Slide 17 :

DNA – T-A C-G Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Over 3 billion base pairs, 30,000 genes Humans are over 99.9% identical

Slide 18 :

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA RNA Protein Transcription Translation

Slide 19 :

RNA Transcription Protein Translation DNA ? RNA ? Protein Gene Expression

Slide 20 :

Human Variability in DNA SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) Many examples directly cause disease Huntington’s, Cystic Fibrosis, Muscular Dystrophy, etc. The ‘environment’ also plays a big role

Slide 21 :

...AUC AUC UUU GGU... ...Ile Ile Phe Gly... ...AUC AU- --U GGU... ...Ile Il e Gly... Normal CF Common Cystic Fibrosis Mutation

Slide 22 :

Parents to Children Mother & Father both Carriers Children? 1 – Not a carrier (25%) 2 – Carrier (50%) 1 – With CF (25%)

Slide 23 :

Gene Environment Interactions PKU and consumption of phenylalanine Malaria and Sickle Cell gene HIV infection and CCR5 receptor variant Alcohol intolerance and aldehyde dehydrogenase Beryllium disease (exposure to beryllium)

Slide 24 :

Sexual Reproduction The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

Slide 25 :

Stem Cell Differentiation Princeton University

Slide 26 :

Stem Cell Cultivation University of Wisconsin-Madison

Slide 27 :

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) August 9, 2001 - President Bush restricted federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research to 70 lines thought to be in existence Only 11 now available and useable Many researchers calling for change Science and Politics of ESCs research

Slide 28 :

Blastocyst Diagram Princeton University

Slide 29 :

Human Clones? Are there human clones? Yes – Identical Twins (Time 2.19.01)

Slide 30 :

Cloning Defined What is cloning? Asexual reproduction Examples? Bacteria, fungus Plants – cutting – potato Farm animals

Slide 31 :

Asexual Reproduction The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

Slide 32 :

Cloning Dolly 1997 - 2003 (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

Slide 33 :

Cloning A Sheep (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

Slide 34 :

Human Stem Cell Production

Slide 35 :

Removing Nucleus Removing the maternal nucleus before nuclear transfer (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

Slide 36 :

Nuclear transfer Nuclear transfer embryo about to be activated (Roslin Institute http://www.roslin.ac.uk/library/)

Slide 37 :

Coning for use in Stem Cells Cloning techniques for creating stem cells Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning

Slide 38 :

IVF – In Vitro Fertilization Available since 1986 About 100,000 IVF kids in U.S. Often creates extra embryos U.S. - About 400,000 frozen embryos (unregulated) England – 52,000 (regulated by government)

Slide 39 :

Stem Cells and Cloning Questions or Comments?

Slide 40 :

Authorship Information For Additional Information Contact Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT Director, INND sgilbert@innd.org smdose@asmalldoseof.org Web: www.asmalldoseof.org This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”

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Stem Cells, Cloning & Bioethics. Bioethics as a basis for decision-makingWhy this is topic importan more Stem Cells, Cloning & Bioethics. Bioethics as a basis for decision-makingWhy this is topic important; DNA to RNA to Proteins; Stem Cells; Cloning ... less